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Endorine > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Define endocrine cells

A

Specialized cells which secrete substances which affect other cells

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2
Q

What are the 5 major endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, endocrine pancreas (islets)

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3
Q

What are the common features of endocrine tissues?

A

Ductless, vascular, organized into blocks/plates/cords, epithelial, polyhedral (cuboidal with prom cell borders), numerous organelles

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4
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of endocrine cells?

A

Specialized for secreting, secrete into interstitial fluid and then into bloodstream, do not require ducts, req proximity to blood vessels so they have a fine vascular network, fenestrated endothelium to allow for easy diffusion for larger mcs

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5
Q

What are the 4 patterns of endocrine cells

A

Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Neural
Individual cells

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6
Q

Which organs have an epithelial growth pattern?

A 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Ant pit
Adrenal cortex
Panc islets
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7
Q

What is the organization of epithelial endocrine cells?

A

Arranged in cords/clumps
Cells are attached to e.o
Ecto or endodermally derived (exception: adrenal cortex which is mesodermal)

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8
Q

What organs have a mesenchymal endocrine cells?

A

Leydig cells and ovarian stromal cells, granulosa and luteal cells

(connective tissue organization)

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9
Q

What are neural endocrine cells dervied from?

A

Neural crest

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10
Q

Where are neural endocrine cells?

A

Post pit

Adrenal medulla

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11
Q

What is the organization of the post pit

A

Organization of nervous system tissue
Secretory cells are supported by glial cells
–>neural endocrine cells

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12
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla

A

Sympathetic ganglion originate from neural crest and is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons

Lack axons, but function similar to sympathetic axons

–>neural endocrine cells

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13
Q

Where are individual endocrine cells?

A

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract which make a host of substances like gastrin and somatostatin

Also have neuroendocrine cells throughout the body

Juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle) of the renal cortex which make renin

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14
Q

Where is the pituitary located?

A

BAse of brain in sella tucica

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary? Where do they develop from?

A

Anterior: oral ectoderm
Posterior: neuroectoderm at the floor of the third ventricle

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16
Q

What can enlargement of the pituitary cause?

A

Visual disturbances due to prox to optic chiasm

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17
Q

Which part of the pituitary is the master gland?

A

Anterior: regulates most endocrine organs

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18
Q

What properties does the ant pituitary have?

A

Glandular and epithelial

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19
Q

What hormones does the ant pituitary secrete?

A

GH, prolactin, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH

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20
Q

What regulates the ant pituitary?

A

Factors secreted by hypothalamic neurons

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21
Q

What is another name for the ant pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

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22
Q

What is another name for the post pituitary?

A

Neurohypophysis

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23
Q

What is the structure of the post pituitary?

A

Secretory endings of axons from nerve cells whose cell bodies are located in the hypothal

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24
Q

What hormones does the post pituitary secrete?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ant pit

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
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26
Q

Describe the pars distalis

A

Bulk of anterior pit, arises from thickened ant wall of the RP

Cystic spaces filled with eosinophilic material

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27
Q

Describe pars intermedia

A

Remnant of post wall of RP

Basophilic

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28
Q

Describe pars tuberalis

A

Arises from thickened lateral wall of RP, forms sheath around infundibulum

Contains veins from hypothalamus/thalamus

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29
Q

What are the parts of the post pit.?

A
  1. Pars nervosa

2. Infundibulum

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30
Q

Describe the pars nervosa

A

Contains neurosecretory axons and their endings

Biggest part of post pit

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31
Q

Describe infundibulum

A

Contains neurosec axons forming the hypothalamohypohysial tracts

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32
Q

What are the cell types of the pars distalis?

A
  1. Chemophils ( 2 kinds: acidophils and basophils)

2. Cromophobes

33
Q

What do acidophils produce?

A

GH (50% of cells) and PRL

34
Q

What do basophils produce?

A

ACTH, LH/FSH, TSH

35
Q

What are the subtypes of acidophils?

A

Somatotropes (GH) and LActotropes (PRL)

36
Q

What are the subtypes of basophils?

A

Corticotropes (ACTH), Gonadotropes (LH/FSH) and Thyrotropes (TSH)

37
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Another name for posterior pituitary, includes median eminence, infundibular stalk, pars nervosa

38
Q

What is the pars nervosa made of?

A

Unmeylinated nerve axons (cell bodies in hypothal) and supportive cells called pituicytes)

39
Q

What does the pars nervosa secrete?

A

ADH (synth by neurons in supraoptic nuc) and oxytocin (synth in neurons in paraventricular nuc)

40
Q

How do pars nervosa nerve endings differ from normal ones?

A
  1. Non-synaptic

2. Secrete hormones rather than NTs

41
Q

What are the support cells of the pars nervosa?

A

Pituicytes (glial cells)

42
Q

What does the pars nervosa do?

A

Serves as storage site for hormones which are stored in granules at axon terminals which are visible in light microscope as HERRING bodies

43
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

Granules with hormones in them in the pars nervosa

44
Q

What are the 4 parts of the thyroid?

A

Right lobe, left lobe, isthmus, pyramidal lobe

45
Q

Describe the follicles of the thyroid gland

A

Colloid (extracellular thyroglobulin) accumulates in the follicles which are the extracellular storage of secretory products (this is unique in the thyroid). It has a large lumen surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium

46
Q

What do the follicular cells store thyroglobulin for?

A

Store in follicles for subsequent use in production and secretion of T3 and T4

47
Q

What are parafollicular cells?

A

Also called C cells, produce calcitonin

48
Q

What is each gland surrounded by?

A

Connective tissue capsule

49
Q

Where do capillaries run in thyroid?

A

Between adjacent follicular walls (each follicle is surrounded by a capillary network)

50
Q

Where are parafollicular cells? What do they look like?

A

Interstitium, appear as pale staining cells occurring in isolation or small clusters

Larger than follicular cells

Hard to see

51
Q

What is the most common pathology thyroid is removed for?

A

Nodules

52
Q

What is the parathyroid?

A

There are about 4 of them, they are small, they sit behind the thyroid, they regulate Ca metabolism. 10% are within the thymus

53
Q

What is the parathyroid derived from?

A

Lower glands derived from 3rd branchial arch (like thymus)

Upper glands derived from 4th branchial arch

54
Q

Describe the parathyroid capsule

A

Thin, fibrous capsule that forms septae that divides the gland into lobules. The lobules separate densely packed cords of cells.

55
Q

Describe fat in parathyroid

A

Fat cells in thyroid increase with age eventually fat makes up 60-70% of gland.

56
Q

Describe the blood supply of parathyroid

A

Rich vascular network with fenestrated capillaries

57
Q

What are the 3 types of parenchymal cells (ie functional cells) of the parathyroid?

A
  1. Principal/chief cells that secrete PTH (most numerous, present before birth)
  2. Oxyphil cells (unknown fxn, larger and acidophilic)
  3. Adipocytes (inc with age)
58
Q

Describe parathyroid chief cells

A

Centrally located nuc, cytoplasm has glycogen, lipid droplets, dense vesicles with PTH

59
Q

Describe parathyroid oxyphil cells

A

No known sec role, fxn not known, larger than chief cells, eosinophilic cytoplasm with lots of mitochondria

60
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and what do they look like?

A

AKA suprarenal glands

Flattened triangular shape

Embedded in perirenal fat at superior poles of kidney

61
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A 
Outer cortex (90%)
Inner medulla: cells similar to sump neurons which secrete catecholamines
62
Q

Describe the structure of adrenal gland

A

Cords of steroid-secreting epithelial cells, separated by parallel sinusoids

63
Q

What are the 3 zones of adrenal cortex and what does each produce?

A

From outside in:

  1. Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids (ie aldosterone))
  2. Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids, 80%)
  3. Zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids, androgenic steroids)

Poorly defined zones

64
Q

Describe zona glomerulosa

A
  • 15%
  • Produces aldosterone
  • Closely pack clusters and columns of cells
  • Darkly stained nuclei
  • Adrenal cortex
65
Q

Describe zona fasciculata

A
  • 80%
  • Secrete glucocorticoids
  • Large, arranged in long straight cords 1-2 cells thick separated by capillaries
  • Small nuclei
  • Numerous lipid droplets which contain fats, FAs, cholesterol, phospholipids (ie steroid hormone precursors)
  • Adrenal cortex
66
Q

Describe zona reticularis

A
  • 5-7%
  • Make dehydroepi-androsterone (DHEA) and some cortisol
  • Smaller than cells of fasciculata
  • Few lipid droplets
  • Adrenal cortex
67
Q

What is the most common adrenal tumor?

A

Adrenocortical adenoma

68
Q

What is the adrenal medulla composed of?

A

Chromaffin cells arranged in groups or cords clustered around capillaries and venules

Modified neurons innervated by presympathetic sympathetic nerve fibers

Considered post-synaptic neurons which lack axons due to cortisol inhibition of chromaffin axonal growth. Cortisol also induces enzymes which convert norepi to epi

69
Q

How do chromaffin products enter blood?

A

Fenestrated capillaries, numerous secretory vesicles

70
Q

What are the 2 types of chromaffin cells?

A

Large dense core vesicles (secrete norepi)

Small less dense core vesicles (secrete epi)

71
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor of adrenal medulla that secretes epi//norpei

72
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

An abdominal/retroperitoneal organ with both exocrine/endocrine fxn

73
Q

What is exocrine panc made of

A

Acini and ducts that produce enzymes used in digestion (most of pancreas)

74
Q

What is endocrine panc made of

A

Islands of neuroendocrine cells (islets)

75
Q

What is the struc of islet cells

A

Nets/cords or endocrine cells scattered within panc

1-2% of panc volume

76
Q

Where are islet cells most numerous?

A

Panc tail

77
Q

When do islet cells dev gestationally

A

9-12wks

78
Q

Each islet is made up of…

A

Several cell types:

Major
A
B (70%)
D (somatostatin)

Minor
PP
D-1
EC

79
Q

What histologic features do endocrine organs share?

A

Vascularity, fenestrated capillaries, nested architecture

Endorine (24 decks)

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