Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Pituitary Hypersecretion Syndromes > Flashcards

Pituitary Hypersecretion Syndromes Flashcards

Learn about the different syndromes

1
Q

What is acromegaly caused by?

A

XS growth hormone production leads to gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is growth hormone controlled?

A
  1. GH releasing hormone stimulates
  2. Somatostatin inhibits secretion
  3. Ghrelin, produced in the stomach increase GH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does GH exert its influence?

A
  1. Via induction of insulin like growth factors (IGF-1)

2. Synthesized in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the clinical features of acromegaly?

A
  1. Change in size of hands/feet
  2. Sweating, visual loss, fatigue, weight gain
  3. Amen/oligomenorrhea
  4. Galactorrhea, poor libido
  5. Polyuria, polydipsia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the investigations for Acromegaly

A
  1. Serum IGF-1 levels always raised
  2. Glucose tolerance test is diagnostic
  3. If IGF-1 raised then serum GH measured 2 hours after oral glucose load
  4. In a positive test there is failure of suppression of normal serum GH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the investigations for Acromegaly

A
  1. Serum IGF-1 levels always raised
  2. Glucose tolerance test is diagnostic
  3. If IGF-1 raised then serum GH measured 2 hours after oral glucose load
  4. In a positive test there is failure of suppression of normal serum GH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the management of Acromegaly?

A
  1. Aim is to reduce IGF-1 to age related levels
  2. Transphenoidal surgical resection
  3. Somatostatin analogues (Ocreotide/lanreotide)
  4. External radio therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the causes of hyper prolactaemia?

A
  1. Prolactinoma
  2. Primary hypothyroidism
  3. Drugs: metaclopramide, phenothiazines, oestrogens, cimetidine
  4. Polycystic ovaries
  5. Acromegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the clinical features of Hyperprolactaemia

A
  1. Galactorrhea
  2. Amenorrhea
  3. Loss of libido
  4. Erectile dysfunction
  5. If pituitary tumour bitemporal hemianopia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the investigations for hyperprolactaemia?

A
  1. Serum prolactin levels
  2. Thyroid function tests
  3. MRI
  4. Visual field testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Management of Hyperprolactaemia?

A
  1. Causative drugs withdrawn
  2. Dopamine agonist: carbergoline 500mcg bi weekly
  3. Bromocriptine if preganacy planned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is thyroid function assessed?

A
  1. Serum TSH concentration
  2. Serum free T4 or T3
  3. Drugs and illness can alter conc of T3/T4
  4. Oral contraceptive increases TBG hence T4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Under activity of thyroid gland
  2. Maybe primary from disease of thyroid
  3. Secondary to hypothalamus or pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Characteristics of Thyrotoxicosis

A

TSH (down), T4 (up), T3, (up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics in T function tests in Primary hypothyroidism?

A

TSH(up), T4(down/normal), T3(down/normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Characteristics of T function tests in TSH deficiency?

A

TSH(down/low/normal), T4/T3(down/normal)

17
Q

What are the characteristics of T function tests for T3 toxicosis?

A

TSH(down), T4(normal), T3(up)

18
Q

What is autoimmune thyroiditis?

A
  1. With a goitre (hashimoto’s)
  2. Thyroid atrophy
  3. Cell and antibody mediated destruction of thyroid tissue
  4. All patients have serum antibodies to Thyroglobulin
19
Q

What drugs induce Hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Carbimazole
  2. Lithium
  3. Amiodarone
  4. Interferon
20
Q

What are the clinical features of Hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance, goitre

2. Puffy eyes, brittle hair, dry skin, muscle weakness stiffness, constipation, meno/oligomenorrhea

21
Q

What are the investigations for Hypothyroidism?

A
  1. High serum TSH confirms disease
  2. Thyroid antibodies maybe present
    Other features include:
  3. Anaemia
  4. Hyperlipaemia
  5. Hyponatraemia(due to inc ADH)
  6. Increased serum creatine kinase
22
Q

What is the management of Hypothyroidism

A
  1. Life long Levothyroxine

2. Normalisation of serum TSH

23
Q

What is the management of Severe hypothyroidism - Myxoedema coma?

A

Investigations:

  1. Serum TSH, T4 and cortisol before thyroid hormone is given
  2. FBC, serum urea and electrolytes, blood glucose and blood cultures
  3. ECG monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias
24
Q

What is the treatment for Myxoedema coma?

A
  1. T3 orally or intravenously
  2. O2
  3. Gradual rewarming
  4. Hydrocortisone (in case hypothyroidism due to hypopituitarism)
  5. Glucose infusion to prevent hypoglycemia
25
Q

Hyperthyroidism is due to three intrinsic thyroid disorders. What are they?

A
  1. Graves disease
  2. Toxic adenoma
  3. Toxic multinodular goitre
26
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A
  1. Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

2. Result of IgG antibodies binding to TSH receptor,thus stimulating thyroid production

27
Q

What is toxic multi nodular goitre

A
  1. Many patients euthyroid for years

2. Commonly occurs in older women

28
Q

What are the investigations for hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Serum TSH suppressed
  2. Serum free T4 and T3 elevated
  3. Serum microsomal and Thyroglobulin antibodies present in most cases of Graves
29
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms?

A
  1. Weight loss, inc appetite, malaise, stiffness,
  2. Tremor, heat intolerance, itching, vomiting
  3. Diarrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, gynaecomastia
30
Q

Hyperthyroidism signs?

A
  1. Tremor, Tachycardia, AF, periorbital oedema, goitre, bruit, weight loss, exopthalmus
31
Q

What is the management of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Drugs
  2. Radioiodine ablation
  3. Surgery
32
Q

What are the drugs used in Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Carbimazole: blocks thyroid hormone synthesis

3. Beta blockers because many of the symptoms mediated by the sympathetic nervous system

Endocrinology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions