Pituitary Hormones

Question 1

Adenohypophyseal Hormones x 6

• ACTH
• TSH
• FSH
• LH
• PRL
• GH

Answer 1

know

Question 2

Hypothalamus & Posterior Pituitary–1

1. Cell bodies of ADH-secreting neurons and oxytocin-secreting neurons are located in the _________ and ___________ nuclei

Answer 2

supraoptic

paraventricular

Question 3

Hypothalamus & Anterior Pituitary–2

2. Linked directly by the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels
3. Anterior pituitary is derived from the primitive _____
4. Secretes 6 peptide hormones: TSH, FSH, LH, GH, PL, & ACTH

Answer 3

foregut

Question 4

Adenohypophyseal Cells & Hormones

see slide 9

Answer 4

know?

Question 5

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families

see slide 10

Answer 5

damn!!…know?

Question 6

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families–1

Insulin Family

Answer 6

Insulin
Insulinlike growth factor I
(IGF-1, somatomedin C)
Insulinlike growth factor II
Relaxin

Question 7

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families–2

Glycoprotein Family

Answer 7

Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 8

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families–3

POMC Family

Answer 8

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)

Question 9

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families–4

Secretin-Glucagon Family

Answer 9

Secretin
Glucagon
Gastrointestinal polypeptide
Glicentin
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
(GIP)
Glucagon-like peptide 1
(GLP-1)

Question 10

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families–5

Growth Hormone Family

Answer 10

Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Chorionic somatomammotrophin
(HCS) or Human placental
lactogen (HPL)

Question 11

Examples of Peptide Hormone Families–6

Neurohypophyseal Family

Answer 11

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin

Question 12

Hypophysiotropic Hormones x 6

name all of these

1 •TRH
2 •GnRH
3 •CRH
4 •GHRH
5 •Somatostatin
6 •Dopamine

Answer 12

see slide 15

1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone = (TRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone = (GnRH)
3. Corticotropin-releasing hormone = (CRH)
4. Growth hormone-releasing hormone = (GHRH)
5. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone = (somatostatin)
6. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone = (PIH)

Question 13

Adenohypophyseal Hormones x 6

• ACTH
• TSH
• FSH
• LH
• PRL
• GH

Answer 13

know “LPG is FAT”

Question 14

Biological Actions of Growth Hormone

Answer 14

see slide 18

Question 15

IGF-I (Somatomedin C)

• Circulating IGF-I produced in ______ in response to GH
• Local production in tissues
• Stimulates chondrocytes → ↑ linear growth
• Structure & receptors ~ to those of insulin
• ___________ GH secretion
• Highly bound to plasma proteins– T1/2: IGF-I > GH

Answer 15

liver

Inhibits

Question 16

Summary of GH Effects
1 •Diabetogenic effect
2 •_________ protein synthesis and organ growth
3 •_________ linear growth

Answer 16

Increased

Increased

Question 17

12 Factors Affecting GH Secretion–Stimulation

1. GHRH
2. Glucose decrease
3. Free fatty acid decrease
4. Amino acid increase (arginine)
5. Fasting or starvation
6. Prolonged caloric deprivation
7. Stress
8. Exercise
9. Puberty
10. Androgens and estrogens
11. Sleep
12. alpha-adrenergic agonists

Answer 17

know

Question 18

Factors Affecting GH Secretion–Inhibition

1-Somatostatin
2-Glucose increase
3-Free fatty acid increase
4-Somatomedins
5-Growth hormone
6-Senescence
7-Obesity
8-Pregnancy
9-b-adrenergic agonists

Answer 18

know

Question 19

Pathophysiology of Growth Hormone-1

___________: Eventually leads to DM II and panhypopituitarism

Answer 19

Gigantism

Question 20

Pathophysiology of Growth Hormone-2

6 Clinical Features of __________
1 •Local tumor effects
–↑ pituitary, visual field defects, headache
2 •Somatic systems
–Acral enlargement, prognathism, carpal tunnel syndrome
3 •CV system
–Ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, HT, HF
4 •Pulmonary system
–Sleep disturbances, sleep apnea
5 •Visceromegaly
–Tongue, thyroid gland, liver, spleen, liver, kidney, prostate
6 • Metabolic
–Insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia

Answer 20

Acromegaly

Question 21

Therapies for Gigantism-Acromegly x 4

1 • Hypophysectomy
2 • __________
3 • Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)
4 • GH __________ (pegvisomant)

Answer 21

Radiation

antagonists

Question 22

Pathophysiology of Growth Hormone–3 of 3

____________:Usually due to panhypopituitarism; do not reach sexual maturation

Answer 22

Dwarfism

Question 23

name 2 Neurohypophyseal Hormones

Answer 23

1–ADH
2–Oxytocin

see slide 33

Question 24

Actions of ADH (AVP)

1—Kidney – _________ in water permeability
–V2 receptor
–cAMP – via phosphorylation steps, directs insertion of water channels, AQP2, in the lumnal membranes

2–Vascular smooth muscle – muscle contraction
–V1 receptor
–Phospholipase C mechanism
–Second messenger is ___/____

Answer 24

increase

IP3/Ca2+

Question 25

Factors Affecting Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) Secretion

------Stimulation------
Increased serum osmolarity 
ECF volume decrease 
Pressure decrease
 hypoglycemia
 Pain
 Nausea and vomiting 
Stress 
Angiotensin II 
Drugs
 Nicotine
 Morphine
 Barbiturates 
Antineoplastics

Answer 25

Factors Affecting Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) Secretion

—————-Inhibition——————

Decreased serum osmolarity
ECF volume increase
Ethanol
ANP alpha-adrenergic agonists

Question 26

Pathophysiology of ADH

1. SIADH
   - —e.g., oat cell carcinoma of the lung
2. Diabetes insipidus
   - -_________ DI
   - -__________ DI

Answer 26

Central

Nephrogenic

Question 27

Treatment of SIADH

1. ________ restriction
2. Demeclocyline
3. Nonpeptide vasopressin antagonists (vaptans)
   –Conivaptan
   –Tolvaptan

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus

1. Central diabetes insipidus
   = DDAVP (ADH analogue)
2. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
   = _________ diuretics

Answer 28

thiazide