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SAQ #5--GIGU: ROGER EDITION > Fundamental Principles of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Fundamental Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Messengers

NAME ALL 6 TYPES
“NENPAC”

A 
1 •Neurotransmitters
2 •Endocrine hormones
3 •Neuroendocrine hormones
4 •Paracrines
5 •Autocrines
6 •Cytokines – peptides secreted by cells into ECF; can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones
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2
Q

Classes of Hormones

NAME 3 TYPES:

“Pp-S-A”

A
  1. Proteins & polypeptides – hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, placenta, kidney (renin & erythropoietin), heart, stomach, small intestine, adipose tissue

2 •Steroids – adrenal cortex, gonads, kidney

3 •Amines (Derivatives of tyrosine) – thyroid gland, adrenal medulla

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3
Q

STUDY SLIDE 7 FLOW CHART

A

ASAP

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4
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-1
Gland/Tissue =Hypothalamus X 5
Hormones=?

A

TRH, GnRH, CRH

GHRH, Somatostatin

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5
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-2
Gland/Tissue=Anterior pituitary X 6
Hormones=?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH,

PRL, GH

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6
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-3
Gland/Tissue=Posterior pituitary X 2
Hormones=?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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7
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-4
Gland/Tissue=Thyroid X 1
Hormones=?

A

Calcitonin

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8
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-5
Gland/Tissue=Pancreas X3
Hormones=?

A

Insulin,Glucagon,

Somatostatin

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9
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-6
Gland/Tissue=Liver X 1
Hormones=?

A

Somatomedin C (IGF-1)

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10
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones-7
Gland/Tissue=Parathyroid X 1
Hormones=?

A

PTH

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11
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones–8
Gland/Tissue=Placenta X 3
Hormones=?

A

HCG, HCS or HPL

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12
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones–9
Gland/Tissue=Kidney X 1
Hormones=?

A

Renin

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13
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones–10
Gland/Tissue=Heart X 1
Hormones=?

A

ANP

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14
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones–11
Gland/Tissue=G.I. tract X 6
Hormones=?

A

Gastrin, CCK,
Secretin, GIP,
Somatostatin, GLP-1

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15
Q

Peptide & Protein Hormones–12 OF 12
Gland/Tissue=Adipocyte
Hormones=?

A

Leptin

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16
Q

Steroid Hormones-1

Gland/Tissue=Adrenal Cortex

Hormones = ? X 3

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens

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17
Q

Steroid Hormones-2

Gland/Tissue=Testes

Hormones = ? X 1

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

Steroid Hormones-3

Gland/Tissue=Ovaries

Hormones = ? X 2

A

Estrogens, Progesterone

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19
Q

Steroid Hormones-4

Gland/Tissue=Corpus Luteum

Hormones = ? X 2

A

Estrogens, Progesterone

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20
Q

Steroid Hormones-5

Gland/Tissue=Placenta

Hormones = ? X 2

A

Estrogens, Progesterone

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21
Q

Steroid Hormones-6 OF 6

Gland/Tissue=Kidney

Hormones = ? X 1

A

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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22
Q

Amine Hormones–1

Gland/Tissue=Hypothalamus

Hormones=?? X 1

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Amine Hormones–2

Gland/Tissue=Thyroid

Hormones=?? X 2

24
Q

Amine Hormones–3

Gland/Tissue=Adrenal medulla

Hormones=?? X 2

25
Q

Synthesis of Amine Hormones

Tyrosine»»L-Dopa»>________

>>Norepinephrine and   Epinephrine (Adrenergic
Neurons)= Adrenal Glands
&
Tyrosine>>>Thyroid Hormones
= Thyroid Gland
26
Q

Steroid & Thyroid Hormones - Mechanism of Action

1–• Steroid hormones ______ protein synthesis

2–• Thyroid hormones _______ gene transcription in cell nucleus

A

increase

increase

27
Q

Circulating Transport Proteins

Transport Protein–Specific–1
= Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin)

Principal Hormone Transported x2?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone

28
Q

Circulating Transport Proteins

Transport Protein–Specific–2
=Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)

Principal Hormone Transported x2?

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine

29
Q

Circulating Transport Proteins

Transport Protein–Specific–3
=Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

Principal Hormone Transported x2?

A

Testosterone, estrogen

30
Q

Circulating Transport Proteins

Transport Protein–Nonspecific–1
=Albumin

Principal Hormone Transported x3?

A

Most steroids, thyroxine, triiodothyronine

31
Q

Circulating Transport Proteins
Transport Protein–Nonspecific–2
=Transthyretin (prealbumin)

Principal Hormone Transported x2?

A

Thyroxine, some steroids

32
Q

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues

All ________ glands secrete hormones

33
Q

Other tissues, other than endocrine glands, also secrete hormones.

Know

 Stomach
 Small intestine 
 Brain
 Heart
 Kidney
 Placenta
A

– to stimulate digestion
– to regulate digestion
– controls anterior & posterior pituitary
– atrial natriuretic peptide to increase Na+ excretion
– erythropoietin to increase RBCs in marrow
– pregnancy hormones

34
Q

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

  • Control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop and is called ________ __________
  • _________ mechanism: when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its target cells
A

endocrine reflexes

Simplest

35
Q

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

  • Endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a _________ produced by another gland
  • Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _______ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems
A

hormone

nervous

36
Q

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

1–________ feedback

  • -most common
  • -When target tissue becomes too active, negative effect on endocrine gland to decrease secretory activity

2–_____ feedback

  • -Response to hormone promotes further hormone release
  • -Examples: oxytocin during labor & some menstrual hormones

3–___________________pattern
–Hormones of adrenal cortex follow 24 hour cycle; monthly menstrual cycle

A

Negative

Positive

Cyclical (rhythmic)

—see slide 29

37
Q

Cyclical Variations

• Periodic variations in hormonal release
• Influenced by:
– ___________ changes
– Various stages of development and aging
– Diurnal cycle
– Sleep

38
Q

Hormonal Transport

  • Water-soluble hormones – dissolved in ____
  • _________ and thyroid hormones – bound to plasma proteins
A

plasma

Steroid

39
Q

Clearance” of Hormones from the Blood

  • Metabolic ________ by tissues
  • ________ with tissues
  • Excretion by the liver into bile
  • Urinary excretion
A

destruction

Binding

40
Q

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity–1

  • Dose-response relationship – the _____________ of a target tissue to a hormone
  • __________ – the hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response
A

responsiveness

Sensitivity

41
Q

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity–2

• Responsiveness or sensitivity of a target tissue can be changed by:
– Changing the number of _________
– Changing the _________-receptor affinity

A

receptors

hormone

42
Q

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity–3

• Number of receptors in a cell vary from day to day, even minute by minute

• _________-regulation
– Inactivation of receptor molecules
– Inactivation of the intracellular protein-signaling molecules
– Temporary sequestration of the receptor
– Destruction of the receptors by lysosomes
– Decreased production of receptors

43
Q

Regulation of Hormone Receptor Activity–4

• ___________-regulation
– Hormone induces increased formation of receptors or
signaling molecules
– Hormone induces greater availability receptor for interaction

44
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-1

• Effector proteins usually are _____
– Adenylyl cyclase
– Phospholipase C
• When effector protiens are activated, a second messenger (cAMP, IP3) is produced

45
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-2

  • Hormone action begins when the hormone _____ to a membrane receptor (hormone-receptor complex)
  • In many hormonal systems, hormone-receptor complex is coupled to a effector proteins by ______-________proteins (G proteins)
A

binds

GTP- binding

46
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second Messengers-3

• G proteins
– Family of membrane-bound proteins that couple hormone receptors to effector enzymes
– Serve as “_________ ________”
– Heterotrimeric = has 3 subunits (a, b, g)

A

molecular switches

47
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action & Second
Messengers-4

Three major mechanisms:

1–Adenylyl cyclase mechanism - cAMP
2–Phospholipase C mechanism – IP3
3–Steroid hormone mechanism

48
Q

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Second Messenger Mechanism

Cell membrane receptors -____-______ receptors/cell

–Peptide, protein, catecholamine hormones

A

2,000–100,000

49
Q

Steroid & Thyroid Hormone Mechanism

  1. __________ receptors
    –Steroid hormones
    Enter cytoplasm&raquo_space; bind receptor protein&raquo_space; diffuse into nucleus&raquo_space; activates/inhibits gene transcription
    » mRNA diffuses to cytoplasm&raquo_space; translated at ribosomes to protein

–Slow (hours / days) change of protein mediates cellular function

2.________ receptors
–Thyroid hormones

A

Cytoplasmic

Nuclear

50
Q

Other Mechanisms

  • ______ channel-linked receptors
  • _______-linked receptors
  • Calcium-calmodulin second messenger system
A

Ion

Enzyme

51
Q

5 Causes of Endocrine HYPERfunction

  1. ______________
    – Benign: pituitary adenomas, hyperparathyroidism, autonomous thyroid or adrenal nodules
    – Malignant: adrenal and thyroid cancer
    – Ectopic: ACTH, SIADH
A

Neoplastic

52
Q

5 Causes of Endocrine HYPERfunction

2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
–EX.  Graves’ disease
3.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– EX. Cushing’s syndrome, hypoglycemia
4.  Infectious/Inflammatory
– Subacute thyroiditis
5.  Activating receptor mutations
– TSH
A

Autoimmune

Iatrogenic

53
Q

8 Causes of DECREASED Endocrine Function–1
[Hypofunction]

  1. – Autoimmune: ___________ thyroiditis, type I DM, and _____________ disease
A

Hashimoto’s

Addison’s

54
Q

8 Causes of DECREASED Endocrine Function–2

2– Iatrogenic: radiation-induced hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, surgical
3– Infectious/Inflammatory: adrenal insufficiency
4 – Hormone _______: GH, AVP
5– Enzyme defects: 21-hydroxylase deficiency
6 – Nutritional/vitamin deficiency: vitamin ___ deficiency, iodine deficiency
7 – Hemorrhage/infarction: ________ syndrome, adrenal insufficiency

A

mutations

D

Sheehan’s

55
Q

8 Causes of Decreased Endocrine Function–3

  1. _______ resistance
    – Receptor mutations: GH, AVP
    – Postreceptor mutations: Type II DM

SAQ #5--GIGU: ROGER EDITION (2 decks)

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