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EXCI 360 > Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

6

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2
Q

Name the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

1- GH
2- adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
3- thyroid-stimulating ( TSH)
4-Follicule-stimulating (FSH)
5- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
6- prolactin (PRL)

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3
Q

What is the second name of GH and role

A

1- somatotropin
2- promote growth by affecting protein formation (cell multiplication/differentiation)

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4
Q

Second name ACTH and role

A

1- corticotropin
2- control secretion hormone by adrenal cortex, affect metabolism glucose/protein/fat

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5
Q

Second name TSH and role

A

1- thyrotropin
2- stimulating thyroid gland to control rate secretion

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6
Q

Role FSH

A

Control growth gonad and hormonal + reproductive activities

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7
Q

Role LH

A

Control growth gonad and hormonal + reproductive activities

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8
Q

Role PRL

A

Promotes mammary gland and milk production

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9
Q

Hormone secreted by posterior pituitary

A

1- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2- Oxytocin

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10
Q

Second name ADH and role

A

1- vasopressin
2-Control rate water excretion into urin

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11
Q

Role oxytocin

A

Help delivering milk from gland breast to nipple during sucking + help baby delivery

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12
Q

Mechanism of secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Ant. = adenihypophysis ( hormonal control)
Post. = neurohypophysis ( under neural control, neuron goes directly into lobe)

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13
Q

Parts of pituitary

A

Anterior + posterior pituitary lobe attached to hypothalamus through pituitary stalk
Lays in sella turcica in brain

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14
Q

5 cell type + % found in anterior pituitary

A

1- somatropes (30-40%)
2- corticotrope ( 20%)
3- thyrotropes (3-5%)
4- gonadotropes ( 3-5%)
5- lactotropes ( 3-5%)

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15
Q

Role somatotrope cell

A

Secrete GH

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16
Q

Role cortitotropes cell

A

Secrete ACTH

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17
Q

Role thyrototropes cell

A

Secrete TSH

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18
Q

Role gonatotropes cell

A

Secrete gonadotropic hormone = LH + FSH

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19
Q

Role lactotrope cell

A

Secrete PRL

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20
Q

What is a controlling factor

A

Hormone released from hypothalamus and are transmitted into ant. Lobe by portal vein

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21
Q

What are the 6 controlling factor

A

1- GH releasing hormone ( GHRH)
2- GH inhibitory hormone ( GHIH)
3- Corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH)
4- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH)
5-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH)
6- Prolactin-releasing hormone (PIH)

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22
Q

Role growth releasing and inhibitory hormone

A

Cause secretion or inhibition GH hormone

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23
Q

Role corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

Cause secretion adrenocorticotropin

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24
Q

Role thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

Cause secretion TSH

25
Q

Role gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Cause secretion LH + FSH

26
Q

Role prolactine-releasing

A

Cause inhibitory secretion of PRL

27
Q

How does controlling factor work

A

1.Signal from sensory NS is sent to hypothalamus
2. Hypothalamus synthesized controlling factor
3. Controlling factor release hypophysial stalk area
4. Are absorb in hypothalamic- hypophysial portal vessel
5. Carries hormone to trope cell
6. Trope cell receive controlling factor on their receptor and release hormone in anterior pituitary

28
Q

4 effect of GH

A
  1. Promote growth baby + promote m. Size inc. in adult
  2. Inc. number cells
  3. Inc. physical size cell
  4. Inc. amount protein inside cell
29
Q

3 aspect on what GH as effect on metabolism

A
  1. Fat metabolism
  2. Protein metabolism
  3. Carbohydrate metabolism
30
Q

How does GH Affect metabolism (4)

A
  1. Promote protein synthesis
  2. Enhance fat as a source for energy
  3. Decrease use glucose for energy
  4. Decrease protein for energy
31
Q

How does GH promote protein synthesis

A
  1. GH inc. amino acid transport through cell membrane = inc. concentration amino acid in cell = inc. protein synthesis
  2. Inc. formation RNA= Promote protein synthesis by ribosome in cytoplasm = inc. transcription DNA in nucleus
  3. Reduce breakdown protein cell
32
Q

How GH enhance fat as a source of energy

A
  1. Mobilization of fat requires time
  2. Excessive amount may cause ketosis + fatty liver disease
  3. Cause triglycerides to breakdown into glycerol + free fatty acid = release fatty acid from adipose tissue = inc. concentration fatty acid in body fluid = enhance conversion fatty acid = acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl+coA) use for energy
33
Q

How does GH decrease use protein for energy

A

Promoting use of fat for energy = protein not use for energy = protein can be use to inc. m. Mass

34
Q

How does GH decease the us of glucose fo energy

A
  1. Inc. fatty acid conversion to energy = -v feedback to block breakdown glycogen to glucose = enhance deposition glycogen inheptic/ m. Cell = glycogen accumulate
    2.Dec. Uptake glucose by cell = inc. blood glucose concentration = hyperglycemia may occur
  2. Excess Gh inc. blood flow concentration glucose to 50%+ (pituitary diabetes)
  3. Chronic pituitary diabtes (GH abuse) = overstimulate islet langerhans to secrete insulin = islet can be damage = diabetes mellitus may develop
35
Q

4 regulation abnormalities

A
  1. GH secretion promoted by malnutrition, anorexia, bulimia ( low fatty acid)
  2. GH secretion promoted by exercise ( after 2h)
  3. GH secretion promoted by sleep ( after 2h)
  4. GH secretion promoted by trauma ( long surgery)
36
Q

Controlling hormone of GH

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone ( GHIH)
37
Q

Mechanism of the GHRH and GHIH

A

1 factor release from hypothalamus = goes into hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessel and into ant. Pituitary = reach receptor somatotrope = activate adenyl cyclase system inside cell = cause short/long term effec

38
Q

Short term effect from release of GHIH/GHRH

A

Inc. Ca2+ transport in cell = fusion GH secretory vesicle with cell membrane = release GH in blood

39
Q

Long term effect from release GHRH/GHIH

A

Inc. transcription in nucleus by gene cause GH synthesis

40
Q

If regulation fails what are the 5 abnormalities of GH

A
  1. Panhypopituitarism
  2. Dwarfism
  3. Gigantism
  4. Acromegaly
  5. Aging cause by dec. GH
41
Q

Explain panhypopituitarism

A

Infection when feotus developping
Dec secretion from ant. Pituitary = abnormal growth (mass distribution)

42
Q

What is dwarfism

A

Result from deficiency of GH or special case panhypopituitary dwarfism from childhood
Developp with appropriate proportion
1/3 from deficiency alone develop mature sexual function

43
Q

What is gugantism

A

Excess GH cause by tumour in pituitary = body tissu grow rapidly

44
Q

What is acromegaly

A

Acidophilic tumour in adolescence = soft tissu continu grow + bone grow thicker

45
Q

What is the aging caused by dec GH

A

Dec protein synthesis in tissue + inc. deposition fat

46
Q

With what kind of cell is the post potuitary compose

A

Pituicytes cell

47
Q

What is the relationship of the post pituitary and hypothalamus

A
  1. ADH ( vasopressin) is synthesized in supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
  2. Oxytocin is synthesized in para ventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
48
Q

How does the ADH and oxytocin reach the posterior pituitary

A

Each hormone binds with neurophysin which are then transported to the nerve ending in the post pituitary ( hormone can acumulate in nerve ending = not release right away)

49
Q

By which mechanism is the hormone release from vesicle into n. Ending

A

When AP reach n. Ending hormone is release from vesicle into n. Ending by exocytosis

50
Q

What are the 2 main function of oxytocin

A
  1. Contraction uterus at end gestation to help with birth (positive feedback)
  2. Cause milk expressed from alveoli into duct when sucking
51
Q

What is the mechanism of action of oxytocin to allow milk flow

A
  1. Baby sucking on the nipple = signal sent through sensory nerve to the brain
  2. Reach oxytocin neuron in paraventricular nuclei in hypothalamus = release oxytocin from post pituitary
  3. Oxytocin carried to breach by blood = contraction myoepithelial cells = milk flow
52
Q

What is the main purpose of ADH

A

Maintain blood pressure homeostasis

53
Q

How is the secretion of ADH regulated

A

Its regulated by osmosis through osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
= they expand when blood dilute/ contract when blood is concentrated

54
Q

What is the mechanism of regulation of the kidney

A
  1. Extracellular body fluid become highly concentrated = water in osmoreceptor diffuse out cell membrane by osmosis( contract)
  2. Initiate n. Impulse in hypothalamus = transmitted in post pituitary
  3. Secretion ADH ( water retention in kidney)
  4. Extracellular fluid become dilute = water diffuse into osmoreceptor ( expand)
  5. Decrease signal for ADH secretion = water excretion at kidney
55
Q

What else does ADH controlled by

A

Its controlled by cardiovascular reflex = when dec. Blood volume/ blood pressure 15-25% = secretion inc. 50x normal

56
Q

What is the mechanism of regulation by the cardiovascular reflexe

A
  1. Baroreceptor in attia are stretch by high blood pressure
  2. Impulse transmitted to brain to inhibit ADH secretion
  3. When blood volume/ pressure dec. = inc. secretion ADH = constriction blood vessel
57
Q

How does ADH allow kidney to retain water

A
  • ADH promote water to going from urine back into blood
  • luminal membrane of tubular cell ( urinary tract) are impermeable to water in absence ADH
    1. ADH bind receptor on luminal membrane = formation cAMP
    2. Phosphorylation chemical in special vesicle = insert into apical cell membrane
    3. Inc. permeability collecting tubule + duct to water = water reabsorbed from collecting duct by osmosis = concentrated urine
58
Q

Why is ADH called vasopressin

A

Because as well as affect water reabsorption it also cause the constriction of arteriole = inc. arterial pressure

EXCI 360 (3 decks)

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