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EXCI 360 > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of hormone

A

Chemical substance secreted by gland, tissue into body fluid and has a physiological control effect on cells of body

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2
Q

What does endocrine mean

A

Secrete within the body

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3
Q

What does exocrine means

A

Secrete outside the body

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4
Q

Give example on how nervous system can interact with hormonal system

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system can stimulate adrenal gland
  2. CNS can control pituitary gland
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5
Q

4 metabolic function that the endocrine system control

A
  1. Chemical reaction rate cells
  2. Transport substance through cell membrane
  3. Growth of body
  4. Secretion other hormone
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6
Q

Name the 9 type of gland

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Adrenal
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Islet langerhans
  6. Ovaries
  7. Testes
  8. Placenta
  9. Duodenum
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7
Q

6 hormone secreted by ant. Pituitary gland

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropin’3. Thyroid-stimulating
  3. Follicule-stimulating
  4. Luteinizing
  5. Prolactin
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8
Q

2 hormone secreted by post pituitary

A
  1. Oxytocin
    2.antidiuretic hormone
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9
Q

How many and where are the adrenal gland

A

2 = 1 on top of each kidney

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10
Q

2 hormone secreted by adrenal cortex

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Aldosterone
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11
Q

Parts of the adrenal gland

A

Outer part = adrenal cortex ( hormonal control)
Inner lart = adrenal medulla(neural control)

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12
Q

Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla

A
  1. Adrenaline (epinephrine) = major (90%)
  2. Noradrenaline ( norepinephrine) = minor (10%)
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13
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

In sternal and mediastinal area of thorax
Above thymus ( sit on top heart)

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14
Q

3 hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine ( T3)
  3. Calcitonin
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15
Q

Hormone secreted by parathyroid

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone ( parathormone)
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16
Q

Where is the islet langerhans located

A

Millions in the pancreas

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17
Q

Hormone secreted by islet langerhans

A
  1. Insuline
  2. Glucagon
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18
Q

Hormone secreted by ovaries

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Progesteron
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19
Q

Hormone secreted by testes

A
  1. Testosterone
20
Q

Hormone secreted by placenta

A
  1. Human chorionic gonatropin
  2. Estrogens
  3. Progesterone
  4. Somatomammotropin
21
Q

What gland does the duodenum contain

A

Brunner’s gland = endocrine gland

22
Q

Hormone secreted by brunner’s gland

A
  1. Secretin hormone signals to pancreas
  2. Coordinates digestion
23
Q

In what categories are hormone seperated into according to range effect+ give definition and example

A

-Local hormone = specific local effect on specific tissue
1. Secretin= secreted from duodenum, transport in pancreas, cause pancreas secretion for digestion
2. Cholecystokinin:release small intestin, transported gallbladder and pancreas , cause gallbladder contraction + secretion digestive enzyme
3. Adrenocorticotropin: from ant. Pituitary, stimulate adrenal cortex to secet adrenocorical hormone
- general hormone = effect many parts body
1. Epinephrine + norepinephrine : secreted by adrenal medulla, cause constriction blood vessel + inc. arterial pressure
2. Growth hormone: from ant. Pituitary, cause growth
3. Thyroid hormone: from thyroid, inc. chemical reaction rate in all body cell

24
Q

Classification hormone base chemical structue

A
  1. Steroid
  2. Protein
  3. Tyrosin
25
Q

From what is streroid base hormone build from

A

Cholesterol

26
Q

Give 3 example of gland and their hormone that are based from cholesterol

A
  1. Adrenal cortex turn cholesterol into cortisol + aldosterone
  2. Placenta + ovaries turn choleterol into estrogen
  3. Testes can make testosterone out of cholesterol
27
Q

Give characteristic of cholesterol ( where is their receptor found and why)

A

Receptor for steroid found within cell cytoplasm/ nucleus because steroid tend cross plasma membrane because cholesterol is hydrophobic/ lipophilic = hates water/ loves fat

28
Q

General pathway mechanism action of steroid hormone

A
  1. Hormone enter cytoplasm + binds receptor
  2. Diffuse/ transport into nucleus
  3. binds + activate DNA strands
  4. Initiate transcription gene to form RNA messenger
  5. RNA goes into cytoplasm = promote function inside cell
29
Q

From what does the tyrosine-base hormone built from and what can it create + give example

A

Amino acid can make protein
Thyroid gland : turn tyrosine into T4 + T3
Adrenal medulla: turn tyrosine into epinephrine + norepinephrine’s

30
Q

Difference between formation T3/T4 and epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

Thyroid add iodine to tyrosine= hydrophobic/lipophilic
Adrenal add hydroxylate to tyrosine = hydrophilic/ lipophobic

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the thyroid hormone

A

1.Thyroid hormone bind receptor in cell nucleus= activate DNA
2. Initiate transcription gene for RNA messenger
3. RNA goes into cytoplasm through nuclear pore
4.new protein are formed = become controller to promote metabolic activities in cell body

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action for epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  1. Bind receptor cell membrane = conformational change of protein structure of receptor
  2. Open/ close channel ion
  3. Change cell membrane potential = excitation/ inhibition
33
Q

Of what is the protein base hormone made of

A
  1. Long chain amino acid
    Less than 20 amino acid = peptide
34
Q

Give 4 example of hormone classified as protein and where they are release from

A
  1. Ant. Pituitary hormone = ant. Pituitary
  2. Post. Pituitary hormone = …
  3. Insulin + glucagon = islet langerhans
  4. Parathormone = parathyroid
35
Q

Where are the receptor of hormone classified as protein and why

A

Receptor found surface of membrane because they are hydrophilic/ lipophobic

36
Q

What is the mechanism of hormone classified as protein

A
  1. Bind receptor membrane = structure receptor change
  2. Receptor activate enzyme ( adenyl cyclase = activate formation cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  3. Second messenger activates cascade enzyme = power effect on cell
37
Q

Whatbis a second messenger

A

Cell signaling pathway that communicate between receptor on surface cell with inside cell

38
Q

Give 3 example of second messenger

A
  1. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAmp)
  2. Ca2+ + calmodulin
  3. iP3 + diacylglycerol
39
Q

How does cAMP work as a second messenger

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor = activate enzyme adenyl cyclase
    2.activate formation cAMP = activate cascae enzyme
40
Q

How does Ca2+ and calmodulin works as second messenger

A
  1. Hormone binds receptor = open ions Ca2+
  2. Ca2+ diffuse in cell + bind calmoduline
  3. Activateion calmodulin cause effect on cell
41
Q

Give a concrete example in which Ca2+ and calmodulin is used

A

Smooth muscle contraction

42
Q

How is IP3 and diacylglycerol as a second messenger

A
  1. Hormone bind receptor = activate enzyme phospholipase C attach inside receptor
  2. Cause phospholipids in cell to split into small substance such as inositol triphosphate + diacylglycerol
43
Q

Name a technique use to measure the quantity of hormone in blood

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Spectrometry

44
Q

How does RIA works

A

In kit hormone from fluid sample compete with antibody to reach binding site = concentration hormone
Amount hormone bound with antibody is measure measure by radioactivity
Higher % bound radioactivity = lower concentration natural hormone to be measured

45
Q

How is the hormone level are controlled in body

A

Homeostasis mean its at a steady state and it can be adjusted down and up as needed
- direct negative feedback : hormone inhibit its own secretion when reach high enough level
-indirect negative feedback : effect of hormone inhibit hormone secretion
-direct positive feedback : hormone accumulate in blood and goes back in gland to promote secetion
-indirect positive feedback: hormone accumulate in blood= stimulate tissu the gland produce effect which promote secretion hormone

46
Q

How can receptor be regulated

A
  • number receptor varies throughout the day
  • can be activated or deactivated by altering second messenger
  • can be destroyed
  • can be created by synthesis

EXCI 360 (3 decks)

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