Intro Flashcards
What is the definition of hormone
Chemical substance secreted by gland, tissue into body fluid and has a physiological control effect on cells of body
What does endocrine mean
Secrete within the body
What does exocrine means
Secrete outside the body
Give example on how nervous system can interact with hormonal system
- Sympathetic nervous system can stimulate adrenal gland
- CNS can control pituitary gland
4 metabolic function that the endocrine system control
- Chemical reaction rate cells
- Transport substance through cell membrane
- Growth of body
- Secretion other hormone
Name the 9 type of gland
- Pituitary
- Adrenal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Islet langerhans
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Placenta
- Duodenum
6 hormone secreted by ant. Pituitary gland
- Growth hormone
- Adrenocorticotropin’3. Thyroid-stimulating
- Follicule-stimulating
- Luteinizing
- Prolactin
2 hormone secreted by post pituitary
- Oxytocin
2.antidiuretic hormone
How many and where are the adrenal gland
2 = 1 on top of each kidney
2 hormone secreted by adrenal cortex
- Cortisol
- Aldosterone
Parts of the adrenal gland
Outer part = adrenal cortex ( hormonal control)
Inner lart = adrenal medulla(neural control)
Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
- Adrenaline (epinephrine) = major (90%)
- Noradrenaline ( norepinephrine) = minor (10%)
Where is the thyroid gland located
In sternal and mediastinal area of thorax
Above thymus ( sit on top heart)
3 hormones secreted by thyroid gland
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine ( T3)
- Calcitonin
Hormone secreted by parathyroid
- Parathyroid hormone ( parathormone)
Where is the islet langerhans located
Millions in the pancreas
Hormone secreted by islet langerhans
- Insuline
- Glucagon
Hormone secreted by ovaries
- Estrogens
- Progesteron
Hormone secreted by testes
- Testosterone
Hormone secreted by placenta
- Human chorionic gonatropin
- Estrogens
- Progesterone
- Somatomammotropin
What gland does the duodenum contain
Brunner’s gland = endocrine gland
Hormone secreted by brunner’s gland
- Secretin hormone signals to pancreas
- Coordinates digestion
In what categories are hormone seperated into according to range effect+ give definition and example
-Local hormone = specific local effect on specific tissue
1. Secretin= secreted from duodenum, transport in pancreas, cause pancreas secretion for digestion
2. Cholecystokinin:release small intestin, transported gallbladder and pancreas , cause gallbladder contraction + secretion digestive enzyme
3. Adrenocorticotropin: from ant. Pituitary, stimulate adrenal cortex to secet adrenocorical hormone
- general hormone = effect many parts body
1. Epinephrine + norepinephrine : secreted by adrenal medulla, cause constriction blood vessel + inc. arterial pressure
2. Growth hormone: from ant. Pituitary, cause growth
3. Thyroid hormone: from thyroid, inc. chemical reaction rate in all body cell
Classification hormone base chemical structue
- Steroid
- Protein
- Tyrosin
From what is streroid base hormone build from
Cholesterol
Give 3 example of gland and their hormone that are based from cholesterol
- Adrenal cortex turn cholesterol into cortisol + aldosterone
- Placenta + ovaries turn choleterol into estrogen
- Testes can make testosterone out of cholesterol
Give characteristic of cholesterol ( where is their receptor found and why)
Receptor for steroid found within cell cytoplasm/ nucleus because steroid tend cross plasma membrane because cholesterol is hydrophobic/ lipophilic = hates water/ loves fat
General pathway mechanism action of steroid hormone
- Hormone enter cytoplasm + binds receptor
- Diffuse/ transport into nucleus
- binds + activate DNA strands
- Initiate transcription gene to form RNA messenger
- RNA goes into cytoplasm = promote function inside cell
From what does the tyrosine-base hormone built from and what can it create + give example
Amino acid can make protein
Thyroid gland : turn tyrosine into T4 + T3
Adrenal medulla: turn tyrosine into epinephrine + norepinephrine’s
Difference between formation T3/T4 and epinephrine/norepinephrine
Thyroid add iodine to tyrosine= hydrophobic/lipophilic
Adrenal add hydroxylate to tyrosine = hydrophilic/ lipophobic
What is the mechanism of action for the thyroid hormone
1.Thyroid hormone bind receptor in cell nucleus= activate DNA
2. Initiate transcription gene for RNA messenger
3. RNA goes into cytoplasm through nuclear pore
4.new protein are formed = become controller to promote metabolic activities in cell body
What is the mechanism of action for epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Bind receptor cell membrane = conformational change of protein structure of receptor
- Open/ close channel ion
- Change cell membrane potential = excitation/ inhibition
Of what is the protein base hormone made of
- Long chain amino acid
Less than 20 amino acid = peptide
Give 4 example of hormone classified as protein and where they are release from
- Ant. Pituitary hormone = ant. Pituitary
- Post. Pituitary hormone = …
- Insulin + glucagon = islet langerhans
- Parathormone = parathyroid
Where are the receptor of hormone classified as protein and why
Receptor found surface of membrane because they are hydrophilic/ lipophobic
What is the mechanism of hormone classified as protein
- Bind receptor membrane = structure receptor change
- Receptor activate enzyme ( adenyl cyclase = activate formation cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
- Second messenger activates cascade enzyme = power effect on cell
Whatbis a second messenger
Cell signaling pathway that communicate between receptor on surface cell with inside cell
Give 3 example of second messenger
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAmp)
- Ca2+ + calmodulin
- iP3 + diacylglycerol
How does cAMP work as a second messenger
- Hormone binds to receptor = activate enzyme adenyl cyclase
2.activate formation cAMP = activate cascae enzyme
How does Ca2+ and calmodulin works as second messenger
- Hormone binds receptor = open ions Ca2+
- Ca2+ diffuse in cell + bind calmoduline
- Activateion calmodulin cause effect on cell
Give a concrete example in which Ca2+ and calmodulin is used
Smooth muscle contraction
How is IP3 and diacylglycerol as a second messenger
- Hormone bind receptor = activate enzyme phospholipase C attach inside receptor
- Cause phospholipids in cell to split into small substance such as inositol triphosphate + diacylglycerol
Name a technique use to measure the quantity of hormone in blood
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Spectrometry
How does RIA works
In kit hormone from fluid sample compete with antibody to reach binding site = concentration hormone
Amount hormone bound with antibody is measure measure by radioactivity
Higher % bound radioactivity = lower concentration natural hormone to be measured
How is the hormone level are controlled in body
Homeostasis mean its at a steady state and it can be adjusted down and up as needed
- direct negative feedback : hormone inhibit its own secretion when reach high enough level
-indirect negative feedback : effect of hormone inhibit hormone secretion
-direct positive feedback : hormone accumulate in blood and goes back in gland to promote secetion
-indirect positive feedback: hormone accumulate in blood= stimulate tissu the gland produce effect which promote secretion hormone
How can receptor be regulated
- number receptor varies throughout the day
- can be activated or deactivated by altering second messenger
- can be destroyed
- can be created by synthesis
