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END 207: Histology > Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

Histologically, pituitary gland is divided into

A

Adenohypophysis & Neurohypophysis

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis develops from

A

Oral ectoderm; by an upward growth from roof of oral cavity forming Rathke’s pouch

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3
Q

Neuorohypophysis develops from

A

Neuroectoderm; as downward growth from floor of diencephalon, being surrounded from below by Rathke’s pouch of Adenohypophysis

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4
Q

site of Pituitary gland

A

Sella Turcica

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5
Q

Pituitary gland is connected to hypothalamus via

A

infundibulum (stalk)

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6
Q

Components of Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • Pars distalis
  • Pars intermedia
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7
Q

Components of neurohypophysis of pituitary gland

A
  • pars Nervosa
  • Infundibulum
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8
Q

groups of Cells of Pars distalis are seperated by

A

fenestrated capillaries

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9
Q

cells in pars distalis are divided into

A
  • Chromophobes (52%)
  • Chromophils (48%)
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10
Q

chromophobes cells can be either —-

A
  • Granular: secrete hormones
  • Non-granular: as stem cells or exhausted chromophils
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11
Q

Chromophils are divided into

A
  • Basophils
  • Acidophils
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12
Q

Enumerate acidophilic cells of the chromophils of pars distalis

A
  • Somatotrophs: secrete growth hormone
  • Mammotrophs: secrete prolactin hormone, stimulates milk secretion
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13
Q

Enumerate basophilic cells of the chromophils of pars distalis

A
  • Thyrotrophs
  • Corticotrophs
  • Gonadotrophs
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14
Q

Describe LM of Acidophils of pars distalis

A
  • Acidophilic granules (but basophilic cytoplasm)
  • Somatotrophs: spherical with central rounded nuclei, orangeophils
  • Mammotrophs: oval with central oval nuclei, carminophils
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15
Q

EM of Acidophils of Pars distalis

A

developed golgi, rER, mitochondria & secretory granules (in pregnancy & lactation, Mammotrophs organelles are enlarged)

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16
Q

Change in mammotrophs during pregnecy & after birth

A

become pregnency cells; due to high estrogen levels, they increase in size & number

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17
Q

Abnormal increase in GH secretion causes—

A
  • before closure of epiphyses–> Gigantism
  • after closure of epiphyses–> Acromegaly
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18
Q

Abnormal decrease in GH secretion causes—

A

Dwarfism

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19
Q

when decribing LM of Basophils of pars distalis, all basophils are rounded with central rounded nucleus, except for____

A

Corticotrophs; oval cell with eccentric nuclei

20
Q

Function of thyrotrophs

A

secrete TSH/ thyroid stimulating hormone/ thyrotropin:
* stimulate thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones T3 & T4

21
Q

Function of Corticotrophs

A

1.secrete Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH):
* Stimulate secretion of Cortisol from Adrenal cortex

2.secrete Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates melanocytes to from Melanin

3.Endorphins
4.Lipotrophic factor

22
Q

Gonadotrophs are divided into

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) secreting Cells
  • LH (Leutinising Hormone) secreting cells
23
Q

function of FSH

A

Females: Growth of Ovaries
Males: Spermatogenesis

24
Q

Function of LH

A

Females:
* Ovulation
* formation of Corpus Luteum

Males:
* changes name ICSH (interstitial cells stimulating hormone)
* stimulates interstitial cells of testis to secrete Testeosterone

25
Describe Castration cells
**Gondatrophs** that undergo increase in **number & size** due to **bilateral removal of testis (castration)** * it gives **signet ring** appearance (accumulation of basophilic material pushes nucei peripheral)
26
Upwards extension of Pars distalis that surrounds infundibulum is called____
Pars Tuberalis
27
cells of Pars tuberalis have unknown functions, but some cells are ____
(basophilic) Gonadotrophs: * LH secreting cells * FSH secreting cells
28
Difference between Pars intermedia in humans and some animals
* in man it's **rudimentary** * In some animals, it **secrete MSH** (melanocyte stimulating hormone), such as in reptiles
29
Difference between MSH secretion in humans and animals
* In some animals, it's secreted by cells in the **pars intermedia** of pituitary gland * in humans, it is secreted by basophils, specifically **corticotrophs**, of **Pars Distalis** of the pituitary gland
30
Tumours of Adenohypophysis are usually____
Benign
31
Clinical diagnosis of tumours of Adenohypophysis can be confirmed by
immunocytochemical methods following Surgical removal
32
Enumerate contents of Pars Nervosa
1. Pituicytes 2. Nerve fibers (with no nerve cells) 3. Herring bodies 4. fenestrated blood capillaries
33
pituicytes are ---
Neuroglial supporting cells
34
Nerve fibers of Pars Nervosa form tract called ----
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract
35
Herring bodies are located at ____
axon terminals of the nerve fibers
36
Contents of Herring bodies
* Oxytocin * Vasopressin (ADH)
37
Fenestrated blood capillaries of Pars Nervosa are surrounded by
Herring bodies
38
Main Function of Pars Nervosa
Storage of **ADH & Oxytocin** secreted from **paraventricular & supraoptic Nuclei** of **Hypothalamus**
39
Function of Oxytocin hormone
* stimulate **uterine contraction** during **labour** * stimulate contraction of **mammary gland myoepithelial cells** ---> **milk ejection** during lactation
40
Describe blood supply of Pituitary gland
1.through **primary capillary plexus (1)**, **Superior hypophyseal Arteries** supply: * Hypothalamus * Infundibulum (stalk) * pars intermedia 2.1ry capillary plexus gives rise to **portal veins at pars tuberalis**, that give rise to **2ry capillary plexus** which supplies **Pars distalis** 3.**Inferior Hypophyseal Artery** supplies **Pars nervosa**
41
blood supply of Pars intermedia
Superior Hypophyseal Arteries
42
blood supply of Pars Tuberalis
portal veins of 1ry capillary plexus
43
blood supply of Pars Distalis
2ry capillary plexus
44
blood supply of Pars Nervosa
Inferior Hypophyseal A.
45
Describe how the release of inhibiting & stimulating hormones from the hypothalamus have an affect all the way down to cells of pars distalis of Pituitary gland
through the **portal** circulation: hormones are transmitted from **superior Hypophyseal A** to **1ry capillary** plexus, to **portal veins**, then to **2ry capillary** plexus, where it reaches cells of **Pars distalis**

END 207: Histology (5 decks)

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