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EXCI 360 > Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary gland lies where and connected to the hypothalamus by

A

sella turcica at base of brain and by the pituitary stalk

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2
Q

what are the 6 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL

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3
Q

function of GH

A

Promotes growth of entire body by affecting protein formation cell multiplication, differentiation
GH promotes growth when baby grows up, and promotes muscle size increase in adulthood.
* GH can increase the physical size of cells
* GH can increase the number of cells
* GH can increase the amount of protein inside of a cell

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4
Q

function of ACTH

A

Controls secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex, affects metabolism of glucose, protein and fats.

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5
Q

function of TSH

A

Stimulating thyroid gland to control secretion rate of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
* control the rate of intracellular chemical reaction of entire body.

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6
Q

function of FSH

A

Control growth of gonads and hormonal and reproductive activities.

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7
Q

function of LH

A

Control growth of gonads and hormonal and reproductive activities.

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8
Q

function of PRL

A

Promotes mammary gland and milk production.

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9
Q

what are the 2 hormones secretes by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH, oxytocin

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10
Q

function of ADH

A

Control rate of water excretion into urine ➔ to help controlling water
concentration in body fluids.

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11
Q

function of oxytocin

A

Help for delivering milk from glands of breast to the nipples during
suckling.
Help baby delivery at the end of gestation.

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12
Q

what are the five main cell type of anterior pituitary (andenohypophyse)

A

somatotrope, corticotrope, thyrotrope, gonadotrope, lactotrope

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13
Q

30-40% of adenohypophysis hormone are which type of cell and secrete what

A

somatrotopes, GH

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14
Q

20% of adenohypophysis hormone are which type of cell and secrete what

A

corticotrope and secrete ACTH

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15
Q

3-5 % of adenohypophysis hormone are which type of cell and secrete what

A

thyrotrope and secrete TSH
gonadotrope and secrete LH and FSH
lactotropes and secrete prolactin

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16
Q

To raise the level of prolactin in the body, which change must occur?

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH) levels fall

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17
Q

A person is suspected to have defective adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands, and the doctor asked for a radioimmunoassay on their blood sample. What result might support the idea that the adrenal cortex is defective?

A

high radio-signal for corticotropin

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18
Q

If the entire pituitary gland were surgically removed for some reason, which of these hormones could still be produced relatively normally after a few days passes?

A

oxytocin

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19
Q

How many hormones does the parathyroid gland make?

A

one

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20
Q

How many parathyroid glands does the body have if you counted them? (count each part as one gland)

A

4

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21
Q

The anterior pituitary can secrete ____________ (GH growth hormone, or, Gl glucagon). The adrenal cortex can secrete ____________ (A: Androgen, or, Testosterone).

A

GH, A

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22
Q

How many hormones are produced (synthesized) within the hypothalamus?

A

8

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23
Q

If a person has very high blood pressure (say, due to blood doping), then the baroreceptors in the atria will _________ (R: relax, S: stretch) causing the levels of anti-diuretic hormone to __________ (R: rise, F: fall) in the blood.

A

s, f

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24
Q

A test for growth hormone is done on a patient’s blood sample and comes back with a high level. Other hormone tests are normal. What are two conditions that they could possibly have?

A

Gigantism or acromegaly

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25
Q

Which type of trope cells in the anterior pituitary responds to two different regulatory hormones?

A

somatotrope

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26
Q

Is this statement True or False? ‘Vasopressin has a pressor effect on blood vessels, and it acts on the kidney tubules to promote water re-absorption (from urine to blood).”

A

true

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27
Q

Which of the following effects of growth hormone can lead to a diabetes mellitus if its chronic and uncontrolled?

A

increase insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans

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28
Q

o have a lower level of growth hormone (GH) in the blood, the level of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) would have to ______ (R: rise, F: fall), or, the level of growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) would have to ______ (R: rise, F: fall).

A

F, R

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29
Q

What is perhaps the best and clearest example of a local acting hormone secreted by the pituitary?

A

prolactin

30
Q

secretion from posterior pituitary is controlled by what

A

nerve signal from hypothalamus

31
Q

secretion from anterior pituitary is controlled by what

A

hormone

32
Q

what are the cascade of event that lead secretion of hormone from anterior pituitary

A
  • The hypothalamus receives signal from different sensory sources in the nervous system.
  • Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in special neurons in the hypothalamus.
  • The endings of these neurons (nerve fibers) connect to median eminence in hypophysial stalk.
  • The releasing and inhibitory hormones release from these endings of neurons into tissue fluids.
  • These hormones are absorbed into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels and are carried to the sinuses of the anterior pituitary gland.
33
Q

what are the 6 hormones produced by hypothalamus that control the release of anterior pituitary secretion

A

GHRH, GHIH, CRH, TRH, GnRH, PIH

34
Q

which hormone has inhibitory and releasing capacity

A

GH

35
Q

which hormone can only be release and don’t have inhibitory function

A

CRH, TRH,GnRH

36
Q

which hormone only have inhibitory effect

A

PIH

37
Q

GH is a general or local hormone and why

A

général because it affect almost all tissue of body

38
Q

effect of GH on protein synthesis

A
  • GH can enhance transport of most amino acids through cell membrane to the
    interior of cells → increase the concentration of amino acid in cells→ increase protein synthesis.
  • GH increases the formation of RNA → promotes more protein to be synthesized by ribosomes in cytoplasm→increases transcription of DNA in nucleus.
  • GH mobilizes large amounts of free fatty acids from adipose tissue → in turn the free fatty acids are used to supply most of energy for body cell → reduces the breakdown of cell protein.
39
Q

how does GH enhance fat as source of energy

A

GH causes release of fatty acids from adipose tissue → increase the concentration of fatty acids in body fluids→enhances conversion of fatty acids to acetylcoenzyme A ( acetyl-CoA ) used for energy.
* GH mobilization of fat requires time ( hours to occur ).

40
Q

what happen if GH is at excess amount

A

may cause ketosis and fatty liver disease
hyperglycemia
diabete mellitus

41
Q

GH have what effect on glusoce and how

A

decrease the use of glucose for energyGHincreasesfattyacidsconversiontoacetyl-CoA,→negativefeedback effect to block breakdown of glycogen to glucose→enhances the deposition of glycogen in hepatic or muscle cells→glycogen accumulates
9
* GH diminishes the uptake of glucose by cells→increases the blood glucose concentration→hyperglycemia might occur if GH is excessive

42
Q

how can diabetes mellitus can develop

A

If excessive GH chronically increases blood concentration of glucose increases to 50% or more above normal, called pituitary diabetes→GH over-stimulating islet of Langerhans to secrete extra insulin → diabetes mellitus may develop ( diabetogenic effect ).

43
Q

GH secretion rate is affected by which factors

A

malnutrition, starvation, anorexia, bulimia
exercise, sleep, trauma

44
Q

how many hour of strenuous active or sleep is needed to cause GH secretion

A

2h

45
Q

low or high concentration of fatty acids is needed in blood to cause gh secretion ?

A

low

46
Q

low or high concentration of glucose is needed to cause GH secretion

A

low

47
Q

what are the short-term effect of GH secretion

A

Increase Ca ions transport into cell → fusion of GH secretory
vesicles with cell membrane → release of GH into blood.

48
Q

what are the long term effect of GH secretion

A

Increase transcription in nucleus by the genes that cause new GH
synthesis.

49
Q

what are the 5 abnormalities of GH secretion

A

panhypopituitarism, dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, aging

50
Q

in which abnormality the body develop in appropriate proportion but rate of development decrease greatly

A

dwarfism

51
Q

in which condition age 20 look like 7-10

A

dwarfism

52
Q

in wich condition there is not enough gonadotropic hormone for developing sexual function

A

dwarfism

53
Q

which condition result from a decreased secretion of all anterior pituitary hormone

A

panhypopituitarism

54
Q

which condition can be congenital or occur durbing life

A

panhypopituitarism

55
Q

which condition is due to excessive quantities of GH cause by tumour in pituitary

A

gigantism

56
Q

which condition is due to a tutor after adolescence which result in soft tissue continuing to grow

A

acromegaly

57
Q

which condition result from decreased protein synthesis in body tissue and increase deposition of fat

A

aging

58
Q

what are the name of cell that is composed the post pituitary

A

pituicytes

59
Q

where is the ADH synthesized

A

supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

60
Q

oxytocin’s is syntized where

A

paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

61
Q

what happen when a baby is sucking nipple

A

Suckling stimuli on nipple of the breast elicits signals, ➔ signals are transmitted through sensory nerves to the brain, ➔ reach to the oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus, ➔ cause release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary gland, ➔ oxytocin is carried by blood to breasts, ➔ cause contraction of myoepithelial cells, ➔ milk flow ( milk ejection or milk letdown ).

62
Q

main purpose of ADH

A

maintain blood pressure homeostasis

63
Q

what happen when osmotic pressure of blood change

A

osmeoreceptor cells change their size which affect ADH secretion

64
Q

cascade of event leading to regulation of kidney

A

When the extracellular body fluid becomes highly concentrated, water in the osmoreceptor diffuses out of the cell membrane by osmosis ➔ decrease the size of osmoreceptor ➔ initiates the nerve impulses in the hypothalamus ➔ impulses are transmitted to the posterior pituitary ➔ cause secretion of ADH, water retention in kidney.
When the extracellular fluid becomes too dilute, water diffuses into the osmoreceptor ➔ increase the cell size of the osmoreceptor ➔ decrease the signal for ADH secretion, water excretion at kidney.

65
Q

secretion of ADH is controlled by

A

CV reflexes in response to decrease in blood volume or blood pressure

66
Q

when blood volume decrease 15-25% what happen

A

secretion rate of ADH increase to as high as 50 times normal

67
Q

what happen when a reflex impulse from baroreceptor are transmitted to brain

A

inhibit ADH secretion

68
Q

what happen when theres a high blood pressure

A

The reflex impulses from baroreceptors are transmitted to brain to inhibit ADH secretion.

69
Q

what happen when blood volume or blood pressure decrease

A

increase the secretion of ADH ➔ cause constriction of blood vessels.

70
Q

ADH increase or decrease excretion of water by kidney

A

decrease

71
Q

cascade of event leading to change in urine

A

When ADH is released into blood and is transported to kidney, it binds with the receptors on luminal membranes ➔ cause formation of cAMP ➔ cause phosphorylation of chemicals in the special vesicles ➔ vesicles insert into apical cell membrane ➔ increase the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts to water ➔ water is reabsorbed from the collecting tubules and duct by osmosis ➔ water is conserved in the body ➔ producing very concentrated urine.

72
Q

why ADH is also called vasopressin

A

because it has another type of effect that happens at the same time but in a different location. High concentration of ADH causes constriction of arterioles throughout the body to increase the arterial pressure. ADH thus has effects on arterial resistance.

EXCI 360 (14 decks)

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