Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience BB Exam 2 > Pituitary and Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Pituitary and Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The preoptic area is derived from the:

A

Telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The medial preoptic nucleus produces:

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (anterior pituitary will release LH and FSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The lateral hypothalamic nucleus is also referred to as _______

A

a “feeding center” (destruction causes weight loss, stimulation promotes feeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 regions in the medial zone?

A
  • Supraoptic region (internal to optic chiasm)
  • Tuberal region (internal to tuber cinereum)
  • Mammillary region (internal to mammillary bodies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 nuclei in the supraoptic region?

A
  • Supraoptic
  • Paraventricular
  • Suprachiasmatic
  • Anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei contain _____ and _____ and transmit them to posterior pituitary via the supraopticohypophysial tract.

A

Oxytocin and ADH (vasopression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is believed to regulate what?

A

Circadian rhythms (receives input from retina, communicates with other nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The anterior nucleus is mostly involved in:

A

maintenance of body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 nuclei are in the tuberal region?

A
  • Ventromedial
  • Dorsomedial
  • Arcuate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bilateral lesion to the ventromedial nuclei leads to…

A

Continuous stimulation of hunger –> excessive eating (it’s a satiety center)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lesion to lateral hypothalamus results in…

A

Inadequate production of feeding signal –> anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stimulation of dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus leads to…

A

Unusually aggressive behavior, lasting during stimulation. Sham Rage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The arcuate nucleus is the primary location for ________

A

neurons with releasing hormones. Transmitted to anterior pituitary via tuberoinfundibular tract and hypophysial portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 4 nuclei are in the mammillary region?

A
  • Medial mammillary
  • Intermediate mammillary
  • Lateral mammillary
  • Posterior hypothalamic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lesion of the mammillary body causes:

A

failure of retention of newly acquired memory, so that an immediate memory or a short-term memory is not processed into long-term memory (anterograde amnesia); hard to learn new tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

Caused by thiamine deficiency (associated with chronic alcoholism) –> progressive degeneration of mammillary bodies and related structures (hippocampus, MD thalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some characteristics of Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

Difficulty understanding written material, conducting conversation due to forgetting what the just said, and confabulating memories to a synthesized memory that never occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The posterior hypothalamic nucleus is associated with _______

A

The PAG and has associated emotional, cardiovascular, and analgesic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The periventricular zone nuclei function similarly to the ______

A

Arcuate nuclei

20
Q

What hormones cause a decrease in feeding? What is this stimulated by?

A
  • TSH and ACTH

- leptin

21
Q

Horner syndrome can ALSO be caused by:

A

Lesion to hypothalamomedullary fibers

22
Q

What can cause diabetes insipidus?

A

Lesion to supraoptic, paraventricular nuclei, supraopticohypophysial tract, pituitary damage from tumor, shearing of pituitary stalk in head trauma

23
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Deficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine (ethanol contributes to ADH deficiency)

Treatment: Synthetic vasopressin

24
Q

ADH secreting tumor causes:

A

Hyponatremia

25
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Excessive GH production before closure of growth plate –> bone overgrowth and large but weak muscles (excessive connective tissue)

26
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Overproduction of GH after closure of growth plate –> elongated face, malocclusion of jaw, sinus bulges, thickened lips, large hands/feet…excessive cortical thickening of bone, cardiomegaly, hypertension, diabetes mellitus

27
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Overproduction of TSH –> increased T3/T4 in blood, causing nervousness, sweating, insomnia, tremor, weight loss, heat sensitivity, abnormal cardiovascular function, and cranial nerve signs (VI, then III and IV)

28
Q

What is Cushing Disease?

A

Overproduction of ACTH (hyperadrenalism) –> Truncal obesity, violaceous striae (purple streaks), easy bruising, hypertension, facial hirsutism, moon-face, cervicodorsal fat pad

29
Q

What causes insomnia?

A

Lesion to ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) –> inability to inhibit tuberomammillary nucleus –> constant histamine production

30
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Lesion to orexin neurons (lateral hypothalamic area) –> inability to stimulate tuberomammillary nucleus –> inadequate histamine release –> sudden, uncontrolled sleep

31
Q

Adenomas in the pituitary can compress hypothalamic structures, leading to ______

A

functional deficits…

32
Q

List some secreting pituitary tumors (most common one first):

A

Prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH

33
Q

Non-secreting pituitary tumors/adenomas can cause:

A

Visual disturbances and headaches

34
Q

Caudolateral hypothalamus lesion causes:

A

Inhibition of sympathetic activity and reduction in body temperature

35
Q

Rostromedial hypothalamus lesion causes:

A

Inhibition of parasympathetic activity and increase in body temperature

36
Q

What does a prolactin-secreting tumor cause?

A
  • Galactorrhea (milk production)

- Amenorrhea (no menstruation)

37
Q

How does the temperature regulation reflex work for rising temperature?

A

Blood reaches hypothalamus is warmer –> stimulate rostral hypothalamus –> heat dissipation mechanisms are activated (sweating, cutaneous vasodilation, ANS)

38
Q

How does the temperature regulation reflex work for falling temperature?

A

Blood reaches hypothalamus is cooler –> stimulate caudal hypothalamus –> heat conversion mechanisms are activated (cutaneous vasoconstriction, ANS) and heat production (shivering, reticulospinal pathway)

39
Q

What is the water balance reflex?

A

Osmolarity of blood sensed via neurons in anterior hypothalamus (near preoptic and PVN) –> ADH released from supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

40
Q

What is the rostral boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

Lamina terminalis (and anterior part of 3rd ventricle)

41
Q

What is the superior boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

42
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

Substantia innominata and posterior limb of internal capsule

43
Q

What is the medial boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

Inferior part of 3rd ventricle

44
Q

What is the caudal boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

Merges into midbrain tegmentum and PAG (externally, the mammillary body)

45
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) come from?

A

Outpocketing of diencephalon

46
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) come from?

A

Rathke pouch (also, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia)

Neuroscience BB Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions