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Neuroscience BB Exam 2 > Olfaction and Taste > Flashcards

Olfaction and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of smell

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2
Q

What is hyposmia, or olfactory hypoesthesia?

A

Decrease sensitivity to odorants

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3
Q

What can cause olfactory hallucinations?

A

Lesions of the parahippocampal region

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4
Q

What is Foster-Kennedy Syndrome?

A

Multiple sensory and motor disturbances

blindness/scotoma (ipsilateral), optic atrophy (ipsilateral), anosmia, and contralateral papilledema. Caused by Meningioma of olfactory groove, compressing olfactory tract and optic nerve.

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5
Q

What is Kallmann’s Syndrome?

A

Genetic conditions resulting in failure to commence puberty which is characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, or hyposmia

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6
Q

What is UPSIT?

A

Me studying for my 5th exam in 3 weeks.

UPenn standardized test for olfaction via scratch and sniff odor strips.

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7
Q

How does capsaicin act as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory?

A

Activates C fibers (pain) via opening the VR-1 ion channel (hyperalgesia); however, repeated exposure leads to desensitization of pain fibers (analgesia)

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8
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Noncancerous growths of nasal cavity or within sinuses resulting from inflamed mucous membranes / allergic reactions

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9
Q

What can nasal polyps cause?

A

Obstruction of nasal cavities or extend into the nares. Associated with anosmia, hyposmia, or hyperosmia.

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10
Q

Rhinitis / sinusitis commonly result in:

A

Loss of olfaction due to blocked access of odorants to olfactory epithelium. Some viruses can permanently cause damage.

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11
Q

What is treatment for rhinitis / sinusitis?

A

Anti-inflammatories; attenuate symptoms. This suggests edema of olfactory epithelium as the problem.

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12
Q

Trauma involving the olfactory tract / bulb can cause:

A

damage of the central processes of the olfactory neurons or the olfactory receptor axons passing through the cribriform plate (olfactory fila) –> temporary/permanent loss of smell

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13
Q

Trauma involving laceration of the dura and fracturing the cribriform plate can cause CSF to leak into the paranasal sinuses and through the nose. This is called ______.

A

Rhinorrhea

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14
Q

__________ can involve CSF rhinorrhea, damage the _______, and lead to _______.

A

Anterior skull base fractures; olfactory nerve; meningitis

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15
Q

In trauma of the anterior skull, a lack of subconjunctival hemorrhage can rule out _________

A

direct ocular trauma (damage to anterior venous sinuses)

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16
Q

Neuroblastomas, arising from _______, can impair olfaction. Clinical signs are:

A

Neuroepithelial cells (called Esthesioneuroblastoma).

  • Chronic epistaxis
  • Nasal obstruction
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17
Q

Olfactory groove meningiomas arise from _______ and cause _______.

A

arachnoid cells along cribriform plate; Foster-Kennedy Syndrome.

Further extension can cause extraocular paralysis and facial numbness

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18
Q

What is specific anosmia?

A

Condition in which an individual cannot perceive the odor of a particular compound or class of compounds, caused by autosomal recessive trait causing absence of specific odorant receptor.

19
Q

What is hyperosmia?

A

Increased olfactory acuity in conjunction with migraine and hysteria; also in substance abuse cases.

20
Q

Loss of olfaction can cause:

A

Loss or alteration of taste

21
Q

If smell detection can occur, this indicates that…

A

the peripheral nerve/pathway is intact

22
Q

If smell identification can occur, this indicates that…

A

cortical function is intact

23
Q

What is olfactory agnosia?

A

Aware of smell, but can’t recall the name

24
Q

What does unilateral anosmia suggest?

A

Nasal cavity disease or tumor-associated compression injury

25
Q

What does bilateral anosmia suggest?

A

Head injury or common cold

26
Q

Olfaction decreases gradually with age.

A

The patient will probably fail to notice.

27
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s, produce ________

A

marked reduction in olfaction early in the disease (central processes affected)

28
Q

What are some psychiatric disorders associated with olfaction?

A

Psychosis, depression, epilepsy, and Korsakoff syndrome

29
Q

What is dysosmia (or parosmia)?

A

Distortion of smell experience

30
Q

What is olfactory hallucination / phantosmia?

A

Perception of smell without odor present

31
Q

Psychiatric olfactory anomalies likely result from:

A

Abnormal sequences of neuronal activity from an irritative lesion in the:

  • anterior medial temporal lobe
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • medial dorsal thalamic nucleus
32
Q

What are uncinate fits?

A

Epilepsy that specifically can result from focal seizure of uncal region

33
Q

Uncinate fits can cause:

A

disagreeable olfactory auras (cacosmia)

34
Q

Who has uncinate fits?

A

People with seizure disorders, tumors, vascular disorders, head trauma, infection, drug use, substance withdrawal

35
Q

What is the extralingual taste buds reflex?

A

Stimulation of these taste buds (near larynx) can elicit a response to prevent accidental aspiration of ingested materials

36
Q

What is ageusia?

A

Complete loss of taste (rare, due to large number of nerves relaying taste information to CNS and bilateral nature of the input)

37
Q

Vestibular schwannoma can affect taste by…

A

Compression of chorda tympani (anterior 2/3). Also, pralysis ipsilateral facial mm., hyperacusia, impaired nasal, submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal gland secretion

38
Q

Lesion distal to the geniculate ganglion…

A

Will probably not involve taste (chorda tympani has escaped compression)

39
Q

What is hypogeusia?

A

Decreased sensitivity of taste (more common than absence)

40
Q

What is dysgeusia (parageusia)?

A

Distortion of taste, due to trauma, Bell palsy, herpes simplex, drug use

41
Q

Cystic fibrosis patients experience increased sensitivity of taste resulting from _______

A

hyperviscosity of saliva

42
Q

What is cacogeusia?

A

Trigger of unpleasant taste sensation following focal seizure of taste processing centers within the brain

43
Q

What causes gustatory hallucinations?

A

Rarer than olfactory, but elicited by electrical stimulation of frontal/parietal opercula, amygdala, hippocampus

Neuroscience BB Exam 2 (7 decks)

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