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Pitt-to-Peel Flashcards

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0
Q

The support from the king was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93

A

King appointed Pitt 1783
King ensured the fall of the fox north coalition
King created 119 peerages in the Lords

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1
Q
  1. What are the 4 paragraphs for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
    1783-93
A

Support from the Crown
Reforms to administration and finance
Reforms to trade and commerce
Personal ability/upbringing

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2
Q

Pitts reforms to administration and finance was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93

A

Sinking fund- £6m p/a towards debt
Consolidated fund act- 103->1 87
Indirectly taxed the rich

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3
Q

Pitt’s reforms to trade and commerce was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93

A

Eden treaty 86
Commutation act 84
Hovering act 86

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4
Q

Pitts personal ability/upbringing was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:

A

Skilled orator
Dad and uncle PMs
Cambridge at 14

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5
Q
  1. 3 paras for: success of Pitt the Younger’s domestic policies, did he achieve a national revival/meet Britain’s requirements
A

Requirements (what to reform):
Outdated administrative/political system
Very inefficient financial system
Stagnant trade/commerce

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6
Q

How did Pitt reform the outdated administrative/political system?
1783-93

A

Let sinecures lapse on death
A Treasury Commission of Audit
Central stationary office

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7
Q

How did Pitt reform finance?

1783-93

A

Sinking Fund 1786
Consolidated Fund act
New taxes- e.g window tax, SHOP TAX

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8
Q

How did Pitt reform commerce?

A

Eden Treaty
Hovering act- smuggling less attractive
Commutation act (tea) 3.4m smuggled in before

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9
Q
  1. 4 paras: Pitt and the radical threat, how successful was he/why was the threat defeated?
    1793-1801
A

Pitt’s harsh/repressive policy
Threat was disjointed/divided/weak
Lack of genuine popular support
Government exploitation of patriotism

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10
Q

Pitts harsh/repressive policy main reason for the defeat of the radicals:

A

Aliens act 93
Suspension of HC 94
Two acts- seditious meetings, treason act.. 96

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11
Q

The threat being weak/disjointed/divided was the reason the radicals were defeated:

A

Diff aim/methods- United Irishmen|LCS
No desire for revolution- most wanted bread prices down
TSOTFOTP had v high entrance fees

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12
Q

Lack of genuine popular support was the main reason for defeat of the radicals:

A

Many put off by The Terror in France
Many church and king clubs
Not a big enough percentage of population for a revolution

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13
Q

Exploitation of patriotism was the main reason for the defeat of the radicals:

A

Newspapers- alienated radicals
Raised stamp duties 1796
Reeves associations

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14
Q
  1. 4 Paras: How serious was the radical threat to Liverpool’s government 1812-22?
A

Not revolutionary- radicals just wanted social reforms
Not serious- movement was weak
Some serious threat
Government repressive and much stronger

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15
Q

The radical threat to Liverpool’s government 1812-22 was not revolutionary, the radicals wanted social reform..

A

The march of the Blanketeers 1817
Pentrich rising 1817
Luddites

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16
Q

The threat to Liverpool’s government 1812-22 wasn’t serious because the threat itself was weak

A

Peterloo massacre- ‘meeting’ easily suppressed by govt
March of the Blanketeers- only 300 and easily suppressed by govt
Luddites- job issues rather than need for reform

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17
Q

There was some serious threat to Liverpool’s government 1841-46

A

Cato Street - plot to blow up cabinet

Peterloo massacre- whether or not there was an actual threat the perceived threat was high (11 killed)

18
Q

Regardless of threat to Liverpool’s government 1841-46, the government were much stronger

A

Frame breaking act- quell Luddism
Seditious meetings act
Six acts
Spies/Yeomanry

19
Q
  1. 4 paras- How liberal were Tory reforms 1822-30?
A

Trade & Finance (HOW LIBERAL)
Law & Order (HOW LIBERAL)
Ireland (HOW LIBERAL)
Work (HOW LIBERAL)

20
Q

How liberal were the Tory forms to trade and finance 1822-30?

A

Mod to Navigation Laws
Reciprocity of Duties Act 1823
Mod to Corn Laws (sliding scale) 1828
Bank Act 1826 (finance)

21
Q

How liberal were the Tory reforms to law and order 1822-30?

A

PenalCode reformed (dp abolished180)
Gaols act 1823
MetPol Force 1829- replaced….?

22
Q

How liberal were the Tory reforms to Ireland 1822-30?

A

3 pro catholic bills 1821-5 (not passed)
Catholic emancipation passed 1828
Divided Tory party BIGTIME

23
Q

How liberal were the Tory reforms to work 1822-30?

A

Combination (TUs) laws repealed 1824

HOWEVER- Amending act (no power)

24
Q
  1. 4 paras: why was the great reform act passed in 1832?
A

Popular discontent
Outdated political system
Wider political situation
Threat of revolution

25
Q

Popular discontent was the main reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act

A

Days of May
Riots in October (Nottingham, Bristol)
BPU/NUWC

26
Q

An outdated political system was the main reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act

A

No secret ballot
Rotten boroughs
Unrepresented industrial cities (Manchester & Leeds)

27
Q

It was the wider political situation which was the main reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act

A

A more liberal king (William IV)
King Charles X overthrown in France
Whigs in power (more liberal- topic 4)

28
Q

The perceived fear of revolution was the most important reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act (COUNTER ARGUMENT)

A

Hamburger’s thesis- Atwood & Place
Little class collaboration
Divisions within the protest movement

29
Q
  1. 4 paras: How successful was the GRA 1832?
A

Whigs- HOW SUCCESSFUL?
Middle class- HOW SUCCESSFUL?
Working class- HOW SUCCESSFUL?

30
Q

How successful was the GRA of 1832 to the Whigs?

A

Still most MPs were sons of aristocrats
Got rid of many Tory rotten and pocket boroughs
Expanded franchise- more MC support

31
Q

How successful was the GRA 1832 to the Middle Classes?

A 
All who owned property worth 10£ could vote- shop keepers/bourgeoisie
Gave them access to the political system- commercial/industrial interests
Exclusion of working class vote- no worry of 'mob rule'
32
Q

How successful was the GRA 1832 to the Working Class? (Wasn’t)

A

Still completely excluded from the political system
NUWC wanted universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, annual parliaments
Discontent shown by later growth of Chartism

33
Q
  1. 4 paras: How successful was Peel restoring & reuniting Conservative party 1832-41?
A

Rebranded the Tory party (HOW SUCCESSFUL)
Policy of constructive opposition (HOW SUCCESSFUL)
Politically strengthened party (HOW SUCCESSFUL)
Wasn’t actually Peel (COUNTER PARA)

34
Q

Rebranding the Tory party was the most important reason for Peel’s success as party leader 1832-41

A

The term conservative

Tamworth manifesto- 1835 appealed to new MC but also ultras. HOWEVER 1841 election- didn’t win many MC votes

36
Q

Peel’s policy of constructive opposition was the most important reason for Peel’s success as party leader 1832-41

A 
Support rather than oppose Whig ministers
Nation before party
40 Whig MPs joined conservatives
2 cabinet ministers defected
J- alienate radicals
37
Q

Politically strengthening the party was the most important reason for Peel’s success as party leader 1832-41

A

100 days- appointed 4 ultras to cabinet posts= further consolidated party
Bedchamber crisis- lead to Melbourne staying on until the Whigs ran out of steam

37
Q

It wasn’t actually Peel as the most important reason for his success as party leader 1832-41

A

Role of Francis Bonham-> Carlton Club HOWEVER still needed Peel’s support to have impact

38
Q
  1. 4 paras: How successful were Peel’s reforms 1841-46?
A

Economic reforms (aimed to reduce £2m debt left by the Whigs)
Social (Britain industrialising- working conditions)
Corn Laws pressure
Requirements in Ireland

40
Q

How successful were Peels economic reforms 1841 (aimed to reduce £2m debt left by Whigs)

A

Income Tax 1842
Free Trade Budget 1842- lower import duties, abolished export duties
Bank charter act 1844- stable currency
Companies act 1844 compulsory for companies to be registered-> stimulating investment

40
Q

How successful were Peel’s social reforms 1841-46?

A

Mines act 1842 prevented girls, women, boys under 10
Factory act 1844 kids 8-13 work 6.5 hours
Railway act 1844- 1 train every station

42
Q

How successful was Peel’s dealing with the Corn Laws 1841-46? (Famine rife in Ireland due to poor harvest & forcing up British bread prices)

A

Repealed in 1846- HOWEVER ended his ministry (anti-Tory)
Didn’t actually solve Irish famine despite lower import duties
Increased social content, moved towards free trade HOWEVER increased rural unemployment

42
Q

How successful were Peel’s reforms to Ireland 1841-46?

A

Failed to tackle Irish famine
Appointed Heytesbury who recruited catholic magistrates- giving Catholics more forward roles in society
Maynooth grant £30,000 HOWEVER split conservatives

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