Pitt-to-Peel Flashcards
The support from the king was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93
King appointed Pitt 1783
King ensured the fall of the fox north coalition
King created 119 peerages in the Lords
- What are the 4 paragraphs for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93
Support from the Crown
Reforms to administration and finance
Reforms to trade and commerce
Personal ability/upbringing
Pitts reforms to administration and finance was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93
Sinking fund- £6m p/a towards debt
Consolidated fund act- 103->1 87
Indirectly taxed the rich
Pitt’s reforms to trade and commerce was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
1783-93
Eden treaty 86
Commutation act 84
Hovering act 86
Pitts personal ability/upbringing was the most important reason for Pitts longevity/domination of politics:
Skilled orator
Dad and uncle PMs
Cambridge at 14
- 3 paras for: success of Pitt the Younger’s domestic policies, did he achieve a national revival/meet Britain’s requirements
Requirements (what to reform):
Outdated administrative/political system
Very inefficient financial system
Stagnant trade/commerce
How did Pitt reform the outdated administrative/political system?
1783-93
Let sinecures lapse on death
A Treasury Commission of Audit
Central stationary office
How did Pitt reform finance?
1783-93
Sinking Fund 1786
Consolidated Fund act
New taxes- e.g window tax, SHOP TAX
How did Pitt reform commerce?
Eden Treaty
Hovering act- smuggling less attractive
Commutation act (tea) 3.4m smuggled in before
- 4 paras: Pitt and the radical threat, how successful was he/why was the threat defeated?
1793-1801
Pitt’s harsh/repressive policy
Threat was disjointed/divided/weak
Lack of genuine popular support
Government exploitation of patriotism
Pitts harsh/repressive policy main reason for the defeat of the radicals:
Aliens act 93
Suspension of HC 94
Two acts- seditious meetings, treason act.. 96
The threat being weak/disjointed/divided was the reason the radicals were defeated:
Diff aim/methods- United Irishmen|LCS
No desire for revolution- most wanted bread prices down
TSOTFOTP had v high entrance fees
Lack of genuine popular support was the main reason for defeat of the radicals:
Many put off by The Terror in France
Many church and king clubs
Not a big enough percentage of population for a revolution
Exploitation of patriotism was the main reason for the defeat of the radicals:
Newspapers- alienated radicals
Raised stamp duties 1796
Reeves associations
- 4 Paras: How serious was the radical threat to Liverpool’s government 1812-22?
Not revolutionary- radicals just wanted social reforms
Not serious- movement was weak
Some serious threat
Government repressive and much stronger
The radical threat to Liverpool’s government 1812-22 was not revolutionary, the radicals wanted social reform..
The march of the Blanketeers 1817
Pentrich rising 1817
Luddites
The threat to Liverpool’s government 1812-22 wasn’t serious because the threat itself was weak
Peterloo massacre- ‘meeting’ easily suppressed by govt
March of the Blanketeers- only 300 and easily suppressed by govt
Luddites- job issues rather than need for reform
There was some serious threat to Liverpool’s government 1841-46
Cato Street - plot to blow up cabinet
Peterloo massacre- whether or not there was an actual threat the perceived threat was high (11 killed)
Regardless of threat to Liverpool’s government 1841-46, the government were much stronger
Frame breaking act- quell Luddism
Seditious meetings act
Six acts
Spies/Yeomanry
- 4 paras- How liberal were Tory reforms 1822-30?
Trade & Finance (HOW LIBERAL)
Law & Order (HOW LIBERAL)
Ireland (HOW LIBERAL)
Work (HOW LIBERAL)
How liberal were the Tory forms to trade and finance 1822-30?
Mod to Navigation Laws
Reciprocity of Duties Act 1823
Mod to Corn Laws (sliding scale) 1828
Bank Act 1826 (finance)
How liberal were the Tory reforms to law and order 1822-30?
PenalCode reformed (dp abolished180)
Gaols act 1823
MetPol Force 1829- replaced….?
How liberal were the Tory reforms to Ireland 1822-30?
3 pro catholic bills 1821-5 (not passed)
Catholic emancipation passed 1828
Divided Tory party BIGTIME
How liberal were the Tory reforms to work 1822-30?
Combination (TUs) laws repealed 1824
HOWEVER- Amending act (no power)
- 4 paras: why was the great reform act passed in 1832?
Popular discontent
Outdated political system
Wider political situation
Threat of revolution
Popular discontent was the main reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act
Days of May
Riots in October (Nottingham, Bristol)
BPU/NUWC
An outdated political system was the main reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act
No secret ballot
Rotten boroughs
Unrepresented industrial cities (Manchester & Leeds)
It was the wider political situation which was the main reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act
A more liberal king (William IV)
King Charles X overthrown in France
Whigs in power (more liberal- topic 4)
The perceived fear of revolution was the most important reason for the passing of the 1832 reform act (COUNTER ARGUMENT)
Hamburger’s thesis- Atwood & Place
Little class collaboration
Divisions within the protest movement
- 4 paras: How successful was the GRA 1832?
Whigs- HOW SUCCESSFUL?
Middle class- HOW SUCCESSFUL?
Working class- HOW SUCCESSFUL?
How successful was the GRA of 1832 to the Whigs?
Still most MPs were sons of aristocrats
Got rid of many Tory rotten and pocket boroughs
Expanded franchise- more MC support
How successful was the GRA 1832 to the Middle Classes?
All who owned property worth 10£ could vote- shop keepers/bourgeoisie Gave them access to the political system- commercial/industrial interests Exclusion of working class vote- no worry of 'mob rule'
How successful was the GRA 1832 to the Working Class? (Wasn’t)
Still completely excluded from the political system
NUWC wanted universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, annual parliaments
Discontent shown by later growth of Chartism
- 4 paras: How successful was Peel restoring & reuniting Conservative party 1832-41?
Rebranded the Tory party (HOW SUCCESSFUL)
Policy of constructive opposition (HOW SUCCESSFUL)
Politically strengthened party (HOW SUCCESSFUL)
Wasn’t actually Peel (COUNTER PARA)
Rebranding the Tory party was the most important reason for Peel’s success as party leader 1832-41
The term conservative
Tamworth manifesto- 1835 appealed to new MC but also ultras. HOWEVER 1841 election- didn’t win many MC votes
Peel’s policy of constructive opposition was the most important reason for Peel’s success as party leader 1832-41
Support rather than oppose Whig ministers Nation before party 40 Whig MPs joined conservatives 2 cabinet ministers defected J- alienate radicals
Politically strengthening the party was the most important reason for Peel’s success as party leader 1832-41
100 days- appointed 4 ultras to cabinet posts= further consolidated party
Bedchamber crisis- lead to Melbourne staying on until the Whigs ran out of steam
It wasn’t actually Peel as the most important reason for his success as party leader 1832-41
Role of Francis Bonham-> Carlton Club HOWEVER still needed Peel’s support to have impact
- 4 paras: How successful were Peel’s reforms 1841-46?
Economic reforms (aimed to reduce £2m debt left by the Whigs)
Social (Britain industrialising- working conditions)
Corn Laws pressure
Requirements in Ireland
How successful were Peels economic reforms 1841 (aimed to reduce £2m debt left by Whigs)
Income Tax 1842
Free Trade Budget 1842- lower import duties, abolished export duties
Bank charter act 1844- stable currency
Companies act 1844 compulsory for companies to be registered-> stimulating investment
How successful were Peel’s social reforms 1841-46?
Mines act 1842 prevented girls, women, boys under 10
Factory act 1844 kids 8-13 work 6.5 hours
Railway act 1844- 1 train every station
How successful was Peel’s dealing with the Corn Laws 1841-46? (Famine rife in Ireland due to poor harvest & forcing up British bread prices)
Repealed in 1846- HOWEVER ended his ministry (anti-Tory)
Didn’t actually solve Irish famine despite lower import duties
Increased social content, moved towards free trade HOWEVER increased rural unemployment
How successful were Peel’s reforms to Ireland 1841-46?
Failed to tackle Irish famine
Appointed Heytesbury who recruited catholic magistrates- giving Catholics more forward roles in society
Maynooth grant £30,000 HOWEVER split conservatives
