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CPL AGK > Piston Engines > Flashcards

Piston Engines Flashcards

1
Q

Two Types of Engines

A

Piston engines

Gas turbines

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2
Q

Engine Layouts

A 
Radial
In-line upright
In-line inverted
Vee
Horizontally Opposed
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3
Q

The Piston

A

Moves within the cylinder and forms one of the combustion chamber walls

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4
Q

Piston Rings

A

Help to seal the cylinder, ensuring better power production and stops oil from entering the combustion chamber
Top 3 are compression rings
Bottom 3 are oil rings

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5
Q

The Crankshaft and Connecting Rod

A

Turns the linear motion of the piston into a rotating motion of the crankshaft
Absorbs the power produced by each cylinder and transfers it to the propellor

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6
Q

The Inlet Valve

A

Allows the fuel/air mixture into the cylinder

Is the larger valve

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7
Q

The Valves

A

Use rocker arms to open the valves and springs to close them

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8
Q

The Exhaust Valve

A

Allows the exhaust gases from the combustion process out of the cylinder to the exhaust manifold and then through the exhaust pipe
Is the smaller valve
Can be hollowed out and contain metallic sodium to cool and dissipate the exhaust gases

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9
Q

The Camshaft

A

Responsible for the timing of when the valves open and close
Rotates at half crankshaft speed
Operates rocker arms and push pull rods that open and close the valves at the correct times
Contains holes called oil gulleys to cool

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10
Q

Lycoming Piston Engine

A

Grey

Camshaft sits above the crankshaft

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11
Q

Continental Piston Engine

A

Yellow

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12
Q

The Cylinder

A

The chamber in which the piston moves
Where the fuel/air mixture is compressed and combusted under pressure
Externally air-cooled via baffles and cooling fins

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13
Q

The Spark Plugs

A

Used to ignite the fuel/air mixture and allow combustion to occur
Firing controlled by the magnetos
Two per cylinder, firing at the same time, for redundancy and an increased efficiency in the burn of the mixture

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14
Q

The Combustion Chamber

A

Top part of the cylinder where the mixture is compressed and ignited resulting in combustion
Size may change accordingly to the size of the cylinder

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15
Q

The Otto Cycle

A

4 stroke cycle

Converts heat energy to mechanical energy

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16
Q

Intake/Induction Stroke

A

From TDC to BDC
Inlet valve is open, exhaust valve closes
Pressure reduces, drawing mixture from the carburettor into the cylinder

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17
Q

Compression Stroke

A

Inlet valve closes in the early stages
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
Increased pressure and temp of mixture as volume decreases
Fuel/air mixture is ignited by the spark plugs just prior to TDC

18
Q

Power/Combustion Stroke

A

Both valves remain closed
From TDC to BDC
Mixture is being burnt and exerting a strong force pushing the piston down
Piston drives the crankshaft and other pistons
Exhaust valve opens just prior to TDC

19
Q

Exhaust Stroke

A

Exhaust valve is open
From BDC to TDC
Exhaust gases are pushed out
Inlet valve opens just prior to TDC

20
Q

Crankshaft Rotation

A

All cylinders fire within two revolutions (720 degrees)

21
Q

Modified Otto Cycle

A

Valve timing and ignition timing are adjusted for each cylinder to ensure that the power strokes of each cylinder are at different times, making for a more efficient engine

22
Q

Ineffective Crank Angle

A

For 40 degrees of rotation, there is very little linear motion, therefore the valves stay open during this time to allow more fuel/air mixture in

23
Q

Valve Lead

A

Inlet vale opens just before TDC on the exhaust stroke

Exhaust valve opens just before BDC on the power stroke

24
Q

Valve Lag

A

Inlet valve closes just after BDC on the compression stroke

Exhaust valve closes just after TDC on the induction stroke

25
Q

Valve Overlap

A

Both valves are open at the start of the intake stroke

26
Q

Ignition Timing

A

Spark ignites the mixture just prior to the piston reaching TDC on the compression stroke
The spark is retarded during startup

27
Q

Compression Ratio

A

Volume of the cylinder with the piston at BDC/Volume of the cylinder with the piston at TDC
(Swept volume + Combustion volume)/Combustion volume
Generally 8:1

28
Q

Power

A

The rate of doing work

Power produced is reduced considerably towards the end of the stroke

29
Q

Indicated Horsepower (IHP)

A

Horsepower available at all cylinders
An indication of how much heat energy from the fuel is converted into mechanical energy
IHP = BHP + FHP

30
Q

Brake Horsepower (BHP)

A

A measure of the useful work done by the piston engine

Equals IHP - FHP

31
Q

Friction Horsepower (FHP)

A

Part of the IHP absorbed by friction and driving the valves, ignition, lubrication systems, etc

32
Q

Shaft Horsepower (SHP)

A

The brake horsepower of a rotating shaft

A measure of the thrust produced by a turboprop engine

33
Q

Thrust Horsepower (THP)

A

A measure of the thrust produced by a turbojet or turbofan engine

34
Q

Torque

A

A turning force or moment about a point

35
Q

Engine Torque

A

The turning force about the centre-line of the crankshaft
A function of:
- Cylinder pressure, which is controlled by the throttle
- The distance or arm between the crankshaft centre-line and the big end of the connecting rod

36
Q

Cylinder Head Temperature Gauge

A

Between 300 - 400 degrees Fahrenheit
Often on back cylinders as they tend to run hotter
Can be controlled by the cowl flap

37
Q

Causes of Excessive Engine Temperatures

A

High power settings
Low airspeed
Over-lean mixture
Low oil level

38
Q

Fins and Baffles

A

Aid cooling by increasing the surface area of the metal that can absorb heat from the cylinders and allows air to flow in the small gaps and carry the heat away
Help to circulate the air around the cylinders

39
Q

Oil Temp Gauge

A

Monitors the viscosity of the oil

40
Q

Oil Pressure Gauge

A

Fluctuating means there is insufficient oil

0 is generally a pump failure

41
Q

Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) Gauge

A

Will show temperature changes more quickly than a CHT gauge

High EGT possible risk of detonation

CPL AGK (15 decks)

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