Pintar Flashcards
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine glands - maintain contact with the tissue surface and secrete products into ducts.
Endocrine glands - lose contact with the surface and secrete their hormones into the blood stream. Can autocrine (affects itself), paracrine, (affects nearby cells), or endocrine (affect a site far far away).
What are the different types of hormones?
Peptide, AA, protein, steroid
How are peptide hormones synthesized?
Made out of a precursor protein that probably has many peptides as a part of it. 1) You need to do a dibasic cleavage in order to seperate the peptide. 2) You then need to do C-terminal trimming of basic residues. 3) You then need to do amidation of C terminal residues.
What is the embryolgical origin of the pituitary gland?
The anterior and posterior have different embryolgical origins. The anterior comes from the neuroectoderm. .The posterior comes from oropharynx ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch).
Blood supply to pituitary?
Superior Hypophyseal artery in median eminence. Of hypothalamus. From there, a primary capillary plexus is formed. From there, there are portal veins, and then a secondary portal capillary plexus for the anterior lobe..
What kind of. Cells are we likely to see in the anterior pituitary?
ABC - Acidophilic (pink - GH, prolactin), basophilic (purple - corticotroph, gonadotroph, TSH), chromophobe (pretty much uncolored).
What causes gigantism? Dwarfism?
Gigantism is cause by too much GH/IGF-1
Dwarfism is caused by too little GH/IGF-1
What kinds of cells Will we find in the posterior pituitary?
Herring bodies, pituicytes, endothelial cells.
What kinds of cells are found in the thyroid??
Follicular cells - produce and secrete thyroglobulin, the precursor to thyroxine (T3,T4), which is stored as colloid.
Parafollicular cells - c-cells calcitonin.
What do T3 and T4 do?
Increase metabolism.
Required for prenatal growth and development.
WHat does calcitonin do?
Lowers osteoclasts function and thus lowers circulating plasma Ca+.
What’s cells Are Found in parathyroid gland? What do they do?
Chief cells - make PTH
Oxyphils - unclear function.
What does PTH do?
Increases plasma calcium levels by stimulating differentiation of osteoclasts.
What is the major cell type in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells - neural crest derived.
What shape of cell makes up glands?
cuboidal or columnar
