Pink sheets from last year

Question 1

The Hering-Bruer reflex responds

Answer 1

to excessive stressing of the lung

Question 2

J receptors (C fibers) are sensitive to

Answer 2

pulmonary edema such as occurs in congestive heart failure.

Question 3

A repeated breathing cycle consisting o f a period of apnea replaced by a period of increasing rapid and deep breathing is referred to as:

Answer 3

Cheyne-Stokes breathing, associated with cardiac arrest.

Question 4

The Ventral respiratory group is responsible for

Answer 4

forced expiration

Question 5

The dorsal respiratory group is responsible for

Answer 5

establishing a ramp signal during normal breathing.

Question 6

The pneumotaxic center controls

Answer 6

the switch off point of the inspiratory ramp signal

Question 7

What monitors carbon dioxide levels via pH? and therefore controls the rate of respiration?

Answer 7

Central chemosensitive receptors located in the brain stem

Question 8

The peripheral chemosensitive receptors

Answer 8

are involved in controlling the rate of respiration mostly monitor oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood.

Question 9

what do you call the peripheral chemosensitive receptors?

Answer 9

carotid and aromatic receptors

Question 10

The pneumotaxic center is the primary controller of the

Answer 10

rate and depth of breathing.

Question 11

One gram of hemoglobin can transport

Answer 11

1.34 ml of oxygen

Question 12

At rest, arterial blood carries _____ml oxygen per deciliter, and returning venous blood carries about _______ ml of oxygen per deciliter.

Answer 12

19.4, and 14.4

Question 13

At rest, the oxygen utilization coefficient is

Answer 13

about 25%

Question 14

Factors that shift the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right and downward, causing more oxygen to be released from the hemoglobin include:

Answer 14

a decrease in pH and an increase in carbon dioxide, and increase in BPG and and increase in temperature.

Question 15

Bohr effect occurs when there is an increase in blood carbon dioxide causing oxygen to be displaced from hemoglobin. What happens to the curve?

Answer 15

Shifts oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right

Question 16

The displacement of carbon dioxide that occurs when hemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs is called

Answer 16

haldane effect

Question 17

In carbon monoxide poising the p02 of the blood may be normal and the blood may be

Answer 17

BRIGHT RED

Question 18

When intracellular pO2 is above 1mmHg the limiting factor for cellular chemical reactions is

Answer 18

ADP

Question 19

In order to maintain electrical neutrality, red blood cells utilize what?

Answer 19

bicarbonate/ chloride ion co-transporter in opposite directions

Question 20

Pulmonary edema occurs when

Answer 20

pulmonary capillary pressure exceeds 25 mmHg

Question 21

The most common causes of pulmonary edema are:

Answer 21

left heart failure, mitral valve diseases, breathing noxious substances.

Question 22

At sea level, the partial pressure of a specific gas in air can be determined by multiplying the percent of gas in the air mixture by

Answer 22

760 mmHg.

Question 23

Henry’s law states that the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and

Answer 23

volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium

Question 24

Daltons law states that

Answer 24

the total pressure exerted by the mixture of a non-reactive gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gasses.

Question 25

Boyle's law

Answer 25

states that for a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Question 26

The addition of water vapor to the mixture of air in the alveoli decreases the partial pressures of all the other

Answer 26

gasses in the mixture.

Question 27

alveolar pressure at the end f a normal quiet inspiration cycle is

Answer 27

0 mmHg

Question 28

Normally, Va/Q= 0.8

Answer 28

pulmonary= 5L/min; Ventilation is approx 4 L/min

Question 29

Va/Q=0 when

Answer 29

Va=0 but there is still perfusion; this is due to airway obstruction (mucous plug). the blood gas composition remains unchanged.

Question 30

Va/Q= infinity when Q=0, but there is

Answer 30

still ventilation (no gas exchange) this is due to vascular obstruction (pulmonary embolism) alveolar gas composition remains unchanged because there is no blood contact. This creates a physiologic shunt.

Question 31

How much blood volume is found in the lungs?

Answer 31

9% or 450 ml

Question 32

The pulmonary artery and its branches can be described as

Answer 32

low pressure/ high flow system while the bronchial arteries (supplying the lung tissue itself) can be described as high pressure / low flow system.

Question 33

The difference between the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and the diastolic pressure in the left atrium is

Answer 33

the pressure gradient in the pulmonary system. This gradient is approximately 7 mmHg

Question 34

The mean normal pressure in the left atrium is

Answer 34

2mmHg

Question 35

In order to increase blood flow to the lungs during exercise, the

Answer 35

number of open capillaries increases as much as 3 x normal, the capillaries become more descended and there is an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure.

Question 36

Normally at rest, the apices of the lungs show a zone 2 pattern of blood flow while the remainder for the lungs shows what?

Answer 36

zone 3 pattern

Question 37

Because of a physiologic shunt,

Answer 37

blood in the systemic arteries contains less oxygen per deciliter than blood that has equilibrated with the alveolar air.

Question 38

Reduction f blood flow to a portion o the lung

Answer 38

lowers the alveolar pCO2 and results in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung.

Question 39

What is compliance

Answer 39

the volume by which the lungs and thorax increase for each unit pressure change in the transplumonary pressure

Question 40

What is the carina?

Answer 40

located at the bifurcation of the trachea into the 2 primary bronchi, produces a strong cough reflex.

Question 41

What is the difference between the bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 41

bronchioles lack cartilaginous plates

Question 42

What is the vital lung capacity?

Answer 42

the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.

Question 43

What is tidal volume?

Answer 43

500 ml, the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest.

Question 44

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 44

3000 ml is the volume of air that can be inspired in addition tot eh tidal volume with forceful inspiration

Question 45

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 45

1100 ml is the additional volume of air that can e expired at the end of tidal volume by forceful expiration.

Question 46

Residual volume

Answer 46

1200 ml is the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration.

Question 47

Vital capacity

Answer 47

4600 is the sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled.

Question 48

total lung capacity

Answer 48

5800 is the sum of all the volumes= vital capacity plus residual volume

Question 49

Total volume of gases that enter the spaces participating in gas exchange per minute =

Answer 49

alveolar ventilation

Question 50

What is anatomic dead space?

Answer 50

Space in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 51

What is physiological dead space?

Answer 51

includes the anatomic dead space + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion

Question 52

Alveolar ventilation:

Answer 52

(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing rate= .35 x breathing rate

Question 53

Total dead space in normal individual?

Answer 53

.15 Liters

Question 54

What is alveolar pressure?

Answer 54

pressure of the air inside the alveoli

Question 55

What is transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 55

difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure.

Question 56

During inspiration, pleural pressure

Answer 56

-5 to -7.5 cm H2O

Question 57

During expiration pleural pressure

Answer 57

-7.5 to -5 cm H2O

Question 58

During inspiration alveolar pressure:

Answer 58

0 to -1 cm H2O

Question 59

During expiration alveolar pressure:

Answer 59

0 to 1 cm H2O

Question 60

Minute ventilation

Answer 60

is equal to tidal volume x respiration rate.

Question 61

For the average size alveolus, what is the tension pressure

Answer 61

4 cm H20 pressure with surfactant and 18 cm H2O without surfactant.

Question 62

Compliance is directly proportional to

Answer 62

distensibility and volume and indirectly proportional to pressure.

Question 63

What is the most important extracellular buffer?

Answer 63

bicarbonate buffer

Question 64

Carbonic anhydrase is important for...

Answer 64

forming carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water

Question 65

In a rubber system, what happens if you add a strong acid?

Answer 65

it forms a weak acid and addition of a strong base leads to the formation of a weak base

Question 66

How does bicarb excreted by the kidney help?

Answer 66

decreases blood carbon dioxide levels resulting in decrease in respiration rate.

Question 67

What is the most important buffer system for the renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids?

Answer 67

the phosphate buffer system

Question 68

How do we remove nonvolatile acids

Answer 68

renal excretion

Question 69

How does hydrogen ion secretion happen?

Answer 69

via secondary active transport (sodium) occurs in all the parts except the descending and ascending thin limbs of the loop of henle

Question 70

where is primary active hydrogen secretion done?

Answer 70

late distal tubules in intercalated cells. Involves Hydrogen transporting ATPase

Question 71

How much bicarb is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Answer 71

80-90%

Question 72

what is metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 72

change in pH due to an increase or decrease of bicarb ion

Question 73

what happened in metabolic acidosis:

Answer 73

new bicarb ion is added to the ex fluid

Question 74

what happens in metabolic alkalosis:

Answer 74

bicarb ions are removed from EC fluid by renal excretion

Question 75

what is the lower ph limit of the kidney?

Answer 75

4.5

Question 76

What is respiratory alkalosis/acidosis?

Answer 76

change in plasma pH due to an increase or decrease in carbon dioxide

Question 77

Kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis by

Answer 77

adding new bicarb ion to the ecf

Question 78

Decreased ventilation is compensation for what?

Answer 78

metabolic alkalosis.

Question 79

what is the normal intracellular concentration of potassium ion?

Answer 79

140 mEQ/l

Question 80

What does aldosterone react to?

Answer 80

increase in extracellular potassium

Question 81

Reabsorption of potassium ion occurs where?

Answer 81

proximal tubule and the ascending limb of henle

Question 82

secretion of potassium occurs where?

Answer 82

late tubule and collecting duct

Question 83

Small changes in potassium concentration cause

Answer 83

large changes in aldosterone secretion by adrenals

Question 84

increased sodium intake decreases aldosterone secretion and therefore

Answer 84

potassium excretion however, increased sodium intake also increases GFR and decreases proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium

Question 85

Increased levels of PTH, plasma concentration of phosphate and metabolic acidosis decrease what?

Answer 85

calcium excretion

Question 86

Insulin and aldosterone both work to

Answer 86

increase uptake of potassium by cells

Question 87

hypokalemia results from excess secretion of Aldosterone

Answer 87

Conn's syndrome

Question 88

hyperkalemia results from efficiency in aldosterone secretion

Answer 88

addison disease

Question 89

almost all the filtered calcium is reabsorbed by what?

Answer 89

the kidney.