Pink Pigs Flashcards
What is cytotoxic T cells?
T cells that attach to mhc-1 and kills the cells that infected. Once it activated, it divide it memory cell, and effector cells which kills any cells that has turn abnormal, etc cancer cells
What is clonal selection?
Cells makes a lot of B cells which can only creat a certain type of antibodies. Stimulation of only the B cells that react to the antigen is referred to clonal selection. Once B cells activated, it divide rapidly producing B cells clones. B cells then differentiate to plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells makes antibodies
What is antibody?
Known as immunegobulin (Ig) kills specific antibodies
What is Ig E?
Make immediate response, can be local or systemic. Allergen activates it which bind to mast cell which produce histamine( triggers complement system)
What the treatment for activating Ig E?
Epinephrine, antihistamine, corricosteriod
What the clinical manifestation of activating Ig E?
Like allergic reaction, redness, swelling warmth at site, etc
What is type 2 :tissue specific hypersensitivity?
Ig G or IgM, reacts to foreign tissue cells. Antibodies bind on the cell surface and destroy or prevent cells from functioning. Usually quick response
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
Immune complex mediated, triggers the complement system and inflammation; attracting basophils which release emzymes that destroys tissues
Mostly cause by antigen antibody complexes
What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
It’s cell mediated hypersensitivity specifically by T lymphocytes. Ex graft rejection,or TB skin testing. 24 to 72 hrs until it initiated, slow onset
What is Ig G?
Most abundant class, 85% of Ig in blood that most protective activity against infections. It the most abundant in baby’s and fetus as well
What is Ig A?
2 subclass: IgA1 and IgA2. IgA1 is found mostly in blood, IgA2 is found mainly in body secretion.
IgM
Largest Ig, first antibody produce during the initial or primary response to antigen. Synthesize early in neonatal life
IgD
Low concentration in the blood. It’s primary function is a antigen receptor on the surface of early B cells
What is B cells?
When B cells gets activated ; binding of antigen and stimulation if helper T cells by binding to MHC 2. Once activated B cells, it start to divide and differentiated to memory cells and plasma cells. Plasma cells tags to the antigen which can get recognize to macrophages
What is T cells?
Nk killer cells, 2 type with either CD4 and CD 8 T cells. CD4 T cells are the one that want to bind to MHC II which is mostly T helper cells. CD. 8 binds to MHC 1 complex which kills bad cells, eg cancer cells. Once activated, it start to divide and differentiate to effector cells and memory cells. The effector helper T cells can activate B cell and release cytokines. Cytokines mainly help be the alarm ringer for everyone to get ready
What is the CD4 T cells?
“General” sends signals to activate immune response when there is intruder. HIV infects it and take over the immune cells
What is alpha adrenergic receptors?
A1 receptors: eyes dilate, blood vessels will vasoconstrict which increase Bp. It also increase spincter tone which decrease urine output.
A2 receptor decrease insulin production.
What is beta adrenergic receptor?
Beta 1: increase conduction and HR and cardiac output. Beta2; bronchodilator, dilate blood vessels
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disease, 3:1 female: male. Onset 40-60 years old. It systemic, inflammatory response. Bilateral joint pain and swelling. The synovial membrane is the first to be affected. Degeneration and lost of the articulate cartilage, the inflame cells can go in the heart and spleen.
What the patho of RA?
Neutrophils in synovial fluid are activated. Articular cartilage becomes degraded.
What the clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis?
Begins as acute inflammatory episode that appear to recover: generalize manifestation, fever, weakness, weight loss, generalize aching and stiffness. Morning stiffness lasting more than 1 hr. Joint swelling is wide spread and symmetric, joints warm to touch
What the diagnosis of RA?
Serum rheumatoid test— high
Erythrocytes sedimentation test - test inflammation in your body but does not tell location
Synovial fluid analysis
Joint x-Ray MRI
What the treatment of RA?
No cure, early aggressive treatment can slow joint destruction, pain management and promoting independence
What the pharmacological approach toward RA?
Nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroid– moon face and mood changes
Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs , methotrexate- help decrease immune response. Anti- malarial drugs
TNF- Inhibitor (Remicade, Humira,Enbrel) help stop debriding of tissue
What is AIDS?
HIV Parasitic retrovirus that infects and destroys the helper T cells. Type 1: common strain, type 2: more common in west Africa, disease progress more slowly. Transmit through blood and bodily fluids
What is catecholamines
Adrenal medulla, epinephrine, norepinephrine( adrenaline)-
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure within the fluid that at rest, remain equal. The pressure that pushing outward of the capillaries. The osmotic pressure the pressure that going toward the capillaries
What is oncotic pressure?
Water follows wherever there higher osmolarity. Oncotic pressure is similar to oncotic pressure but it mainly protein, most abundant protein is albumin which is made in the liver. Higher oncotic pressure equal higher water
What is antidiuretic hormones?
Increases Bp, vasoconstriction, retain water increasing the blood volume and larger stroke volume
What is hypertonic iv solution and how does it relate to the cells?
3% NaCl, D5 .45% a And .9% NS, 10% Dextrose
What is aldosterone?
The RAAS club, aldosterone retain Na which increase water volume
Respiratory acidosis
Low ph and high co2
Risk factor copd, narcotics
S/sx- hypoventilation, blurred vision, confusion
Respiratory alkalosis
High ph low co2
Risk factor: anxiety, hyperventilating, fever, mechanical ventilation
S/sx hyperventilating, numbness and tingling at mouth , chest tightness, palpitation
What the normal body ph?
7.35-7.45
Normal paco2
Normal PaCO2 35-45
Normal PaO2
80-100
Normal HCO3
22-26
What is metabolic acidosis?
Low ph low hco3
Risk factor, DKA, renal failure, diarrhea, intestinal auctioning
S/sx anorexia, warm flush skin. decrease LOC
Metabolic alkalosis
High ph and high hco3
Risk factor: extensive use of diuretics, gastric auctioning. Vomiting,diuretic therapy
S/sx respiratory failure, dysthymia , altered LOC
What the normal anion gap?
8-12 mEq/L
What is acute renal failure?
When the kidney lost their function?
What the cause of acute renal failure?
3 causes , prerenal-lack of blood flow to the kidneys, post renal- obstruction of the kidney, intrarenal: damage to the nephrons itself
Renal function??
Urea (BUN)goes up
Creatinine clearance
What is prerenal failure?
Decreased blood flow, 55% of ARF. Reversible or can progress to intrarenal failure
What is intrarenal failure?
Damage to the tissue and nephrons
Acute tubular necrosis: ischemia is the most conmon cause, rhabdomyolysis, nephrotoxic drugs, glomerulophritis,
What is post renal failure?
Obstruction of the kidneys . BPH, urinalysis calculi, tumors
What the 3 phases of renal failure?
Initiating phase- ends when tubular injury occurs
Maintainence phase- oliguric, diuretic period
Recovery phase
What is oliguric phase?
Cannot eliminate waste, water, and electrolytes
