Pilots Privelages And Limitations

Question 1

What are the eligibility requirements for a commercial Pilot (airplane) Certificate?

Answer 1

a. Be at least 18 years of age.
b. Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language.
c. Hold at least a Private Pilot Certificate.
d. Hold at least a current Third Class Medical Certificate.
e. Received the required ground and flight training endorsements.
f. Pass the required knowledge and practical tests.
g. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements.

14 CFR 61.123

Question 2

CPC ( commercial pilot certificate ) aeronautical experience requirements ?

Answer 2

Total Flight Time: 250 Hours
1. Powered Aircraft: 100 Hours
In Airplanes: 50 Hours (part of the 100 hours)
2. Pilot in Command (PIC): 100 Hours
- In Airplanes: 50 Hours (part of the 100 hours)
- Cross-Country: 50 Hours (10 in airplanes)
3. Training Areas: 20 Hours
- Instrument Training: 10 Hours (5 in single-engine airplanes)
4. Advanced Training: 10 Hours
- TAA, Complex, or Turbine Aircraft
5. Solo or PIC with authorized CFI: 10 Hours
- In Single-Engine Airplane
(under §61.127(a)(2))
6. Specific Operations Under § 61.127(b)(1):
- Cross-Country Flight: Minimum 300 NM
- Landings: At least 3 points
- One Point: Straight line distance of 250 NM from the original departure point (150 NM in Hawaii).
7. Night Flight: 5 Hours VFR
8. Towered Airport Landings:
- 10 Takeoffs and 10 Landings
- Each Involving Traffic Pattern Flight

Question 3

Commercial pilot privileges ?

Answer 3

1- PIC of an A/C carrying PAX or property for compensation or hire .
2- PIC of an A/C for compensation or hire .
14 CFR §61.133

Question 4

Commercial operator ?

Answer 4

Engages in the transport of people or property for hire, under specific regulations. This term refers to the operation, not just the pilot.

Question 5

Commercial pilot definition ?

Answer 5

• Commercial Pilot: Holds a certificate allowing them to be paid for flying, but not all flights they operate are considered commercial operations.

Question 6

Holding out ?

Answer 6

• Holding Out: Offering transport services to the public, which typically qualifies as a commercial operation.

Question 7

Compensation?

Answer 7

• Compensation: Includes money, goods, services, or any benefit. Receiving any form of payment may make the operation commercial.

Question 8

Private carriage vs Commercial carriage ?

Answer 8

• Private vs. Commercial Carriage: Private carriage is for specific clients and not available to the public, while commercial carriage involves offering services to the public.

Question 9

Difference between commercial pilot privileges and operational authority required to conduct a flight for compensation or hire ?

Answer 9

To act as a pilot in command (PIC) for flights involving compensation or hire, simply holding a Commercial Pilot Certificate or Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) Certificate is not enough.
You must also be operating under an appropriate operator certificate, such as those required by 14 CFR Part 119, this usually involves compliance with operational regulations under Part 121 or Part 135. Without this operational authority, even if you’re qualified as a commercial or ATP pilot, you cannot legally conduct flights for hire or compensation.

Question 10

Would being both the pilot and the provider of an A/C to someone for compensation or hire require the possession of a Part 119 operating certificate ?

Answer 10

You are required to have been issued an operating certificate under part 135, 121,125.

Question 11

Operational control ?

Answer 11

Exercise of authority over initiating , conducting , or terminating a flight .
Held by an operator , an owner or entity directing and hiring the pilot .
3 basic areas : flight crew , A/C , flight management .

Question 12

Common carriage ?

Answer 12

Common carriage occurs when a carrier advertises its services to the public and offers to transport people or cargo for compensation. To be a common carrier, four elements must be met:
1. Holding out or willingness,
2. To transport persons or property,
3. From place to place,
4. For compensation or hire.
A pilot with a Commercial Pilot Certificate can offer specific services but cannot broadly advertise to the general public for hire, as this would qualify as common carriage.

Question 13

What actions by a pilot would constitute holding out ?

Answer 13

occurs when a pilot advertises or communicates that their transportation services are indiscriminately available to the public or a segment of it. There’s no specific rule for how this is done—any form of advertising or making services broadly available can be considered holding out. It’s determined by assessing the specific facts of the situation.

Question 14

Examples of factors that the FAA would consider in determining
whether an operator is holding out ?

Answer 14

• Agents , agencies , salespeople.
• print publications .
• Internet .
• Websites .
• social media .
• Apps
• Email.
• personal solicitation and reputation/course of conduct .
• Sharing A/C operating expenses .

Question 15

Commercial operations that a commercial pilot could conduct that do not require the issuance of a part 119 certificate what are they ?

Answer 15

• Student instruction .
• Non-stop commercial tours .( 14 CFR §119.1(e)(2) )
• Ferry or training flights.
• Crop dusting , seeding , spraying , bird chasing .
• Banner towing .
• Aerial photography or survey .
• Firefighting .
• Power-line or pipeline patrol .
• Intentional parachute operations .
• Emergency mail service .
• Carriage of candidates in elections .( 14 CFR §91.321 )

Question 16

Which scenario is a common carriage operations and why ?
1: Local businessperson requiring package deliverance to a distant distinction ASAP , he will pay me to fly his plane to deliver the package .
2: local businessperson he requires a package to be delivered by flying to a distant destination ASAP , I tell him I can do the job for a fee , then promptly line up a local rental A/C I am checked out in and deliver the package .?

Answer 16

Scenario 2 is common carriage , why ? Because I am holding out how :
- willingness to provide a customer with an A/C over which I exercise operational control .
- Pilot services for compensation or hire .
Scenario 1 isn’t, why ? Because I am don’t have operational control of the A/C , and just being paid for pilot services to fly the A/C for the owner .

Question 17

Determine if the following is private carriage and if a cpc holder would be allowed to to accept compensation for a flight they conduct :

1: A pilot who got his medical license suspended , and asked me as a pilot to fly the A/C for him with a daily rate to fly it .?

2: A pilot who owns an A/C , has a friend who would like to use it , he offers access to it packaged with his pilot services for an hourly operation rate ,who will pay for the use ?

Answer 17

1: private carriage , why? Because the operational control remains with the owner , who is hiring a pilot to fly for them .

2: common carriage, why ? Because the owner is holding out by providing a package of pilot and A/C for compensation, which would require an operator certificate .

Question 18

What are the 3 types of operations that would require a part 119 certificate ?

Answer 18

1- Direct air carrier .

2- US commercial operator .

3- operations in part 125 , meaning common carriage is not involved as a an operator of a US registered civil airplanes with seat configuration of 20 or more PAX or a maximum payload of 6000lbs or more .

Question 19

What are the 2 basic types of certificates issued to applicants under part 119 ?

Answer 19

1- Air carrier :
issued to applicants who plan to conduct interstate , foreign , overseas transportation , or to carry mail.

2- Operating certificate :
To applicants who plan to conduct interstate common carriage operations and private carriage operations ( part 125 private carriage operations ) .

Question 20

What are the 4 types of operations that do not involve common carriage ?

Answer 20

1- Non-common carriage .( commercial )

2- when persons or cargo are transported without compensation or hire.

3- when the transportation of persons and cargo are not involved .

4- private carriage . ( commercial )

Question 21

Non-common carriage ?

Answer 21

It involves the carriage of persons or cargo for compensation or hire ,but without holding out .
It requires the issuance of an operating certificate ( under parts 125,135)

Question 22

Private carriage ?

Answer 22

It involves the carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire with limitations on the number of contracts .

There is no holding out as well .operations conducted under parts 125,135 ( operating certificate )

Question 23

Examples of non-common carriage operations that involves the transportation of persons and property and may involve compensation conducted under part 91 ?

• part 91 sub part F applies to large and turbine powered multi engine airplanes and fractional ownership program .

Answer 23

14 CFR Part 91.501

1- Flights conducted by the operator of an A/C for personal transportation or guests .

2- Carriage of company officials on an A/C operated under a time sharing , interchange , or joint ownership agreement .

3- Carriage of property incidental to business ( except mail ) .

4- carriage of a group when there is no charge , assessment or fee.

5- Fractional ownership

Question 24

Wet lease and dry lease difference ?

Answer 24

14 CFR part 110.2

Wet lease : Any leasing arrangement whereby a person agrees to provide an entire A/C + at least 1 crew-member, the lessor maintains operational control.
( required to have an air-carrier certificate 121,135)

Dry lease : The leasing of an A/C without the crew , the lessee exercises operational control of the A/C .
( not required an air carrier certificate may operate under part 91 ) .

Question 25

Describe : 14 CFR part 91 sub part F , 119,121,125,135 ?

Answer 25

Part 91 Subpart F :
corporate operations not involving common carriage .

Part 119 :
Consolidates the certification and operation specifications ( ops specs ) requirements for persons who operate in common carriage under parts 121,135.
It also lists operations that do not require an air carrier or commercial operating certificate .

Part 121:
Regulations for air carriers flying for compensation or hire .(Air carrier certificate issuance and associated ops specs )

Part 125 :
Operational rules for large airplanes . Seating is 20 PAX or more or 6000lbs maximum payload capacity or more .

Part 135 :
Governs on-demand operations (Air carrier certificate issuance and associated ops specs ) .

Question 26

Commercial airplane pilot certificate without IR limitations?

Answer 26

14 CFR 61.133

1- Carriage of PAX for hire in A/Cs on a X-Country flight in excess of 50 NM is prohibited .

2- The carriage of PAX for hire in A/Cs at night is prohibited .

Question 27

To act as a required flight crew member of a civil A/C ,what must a pilot have in his physical possession in the A/C ?

Answer 27

1- Pilot certificate .

2- A government issued photo ID or another form of ID that the FAA administrator finds acceptable.

3- An appropriate medical certificate.

Question 28

If a certificates pilot changer his/her permanent mailing address and fails to notify the FAA Airman certification branch , for how long may the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of his/her certificate ?

Answer 28

14 CFR §61.60

30 Days after the date of the move .

Question 29

If a pilot certificate is accidentally lost or destroyed , a pilot continue to exercise the privileges of it provided he or she follows which procedure ?

Answer 29

14 CFR §61.29

An airmen may request a replacement certificate by contacting the FAA airmen certification branch and make an application for lost or destroyed certificate .
During this time he may obtain a document that allows him to operate with temporary authority in accordance with his certification privileges and limitations for up to 60 days .

Question 30

PIC for a high performance A/C what kind of flight experience must be met ? ( high performance A/C means A/C with an engine of more than 200 horsepower

Answer 30

14 CFR §61.31

1- received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized CFI in a high performance A/C , FFS or FTD that is representative of the A/C.

2- Been found proficient in the operation and systems of that A/C .

3- Received a one time endorsement in the pilot’s logbook from an authorized CFI , which certifies that the pilot is proficient to operate the high performance A/C .

Question 31

Complex A/C ?

Answer 31

14 CFR §61.1

An A/C that has :
1- retractable landing gear and flaps .
2- controllable pitch propeller .
3- Full Authority Digital Engine Control ( FADEC ) .

Question 32

FADEC ?

Answer 32

It is an engine control system consisting of a digital computer and associated accessories for controlling the engine and propeller .

Question 33

Requirements to act as a PIC of a complex A/C ?

Answer 33

14 CFR §61.31

1- received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized CFI in a complex A/C , FFS , FTD that is representative of complex A/C and been found proficient in the operation and systems of the A/C .

2- Received a one time endorsement in your log book from an authorized CFI who certifies that you are proficient to operate a complex A/C .

Question 34

Pressurized A/C flight experience to be met in order to act as a PIC ?

Answer 34

14 CFR §61.31

1- received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized CFI .

2- The authorized CFI certifies that the person has satisfactory accomplished the ground training , which includes high altitude aerodynamics , meteorology , respiration , hypoxia , etc.; .

3- received and logged training in a pressurized A/C , FFS , FTD , and obtained an endorsement from an authorized CFI who found the person proficient in the operation of the pressurized A/C .

Question 35

Pressurized A/C ?

Answer 35

An A/C that has a service ceiling or maximum operating Altitude , whichever is lower , above 25000’ .

Question 36

Is the pilot required to have a high Altitude endorsement to fly a pressurized A/C if not flying above 25000’ MSL ?

Answer 36

14 CFR §61.31

The endorsement is required if the A/C is capable of operating at that altitude, not just if the pilot operates at that Altitude.

Question 37

PIC of a tailwheel airplane flight experience requirements ?

Answer 37

14 CFR §61.31

1- received and logged flight training and received an endorsement in the pilot’s logbook from an authorized CFI .

2- The authorized CFI found the pilot proficient in the operation of the tailwheel A/C .

Question 38

What are the maneuvers and procedures that must be included in the flight training of a tailwheel A/C ?

Answer 38

1- Normal and crosswind T/OFFs and landings .

2- wheel landings .

3- Go-around procedures .

Question 39

Unless authorized by the FAA administrator, a TAA must be equipped with an electronically advanced avionics system , which installed components does it include ?

Answer 39

14 CFR §61.129

1- A PFD that includes , at minimum , IAS , VSI , Turn coordinator, Attitude indicator , Heading indicator and an Altimeter . ( must be continuously visible )

2- An electronic MFD that includes , at minimum , a moving map using GPS navigation with the A/C position displayed . ( must be continually visible )

3- Two-axis autopilot integrated with the navigation and heading guidance system .

Question 40

What counts as x-country flight time ?

Answer 40

14 CFR §61.101(c)

Time acquired during a flight must include a point of landing that was at lest a straight line distance of more than 50 NM from the original point of departure .

Question 41

When would a CPC holder be required to hold a type rating ?

Answer 41

14 CFR §61.31

When acting as a PIC for one of the following A/C :

1- Large A/C ( gross weight more than 12500 lbs ) .

2- Turbojet-powered airplanes .

3- Other A/C specified by the Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures .

Some manufacturers require type rating even if they are less than gross weight of 12500 lbs .

Question 42

Terms Category , Class , Type ?

Answer 42

14 CFR §1

Category : a broad classification of A/C ( Airplane , glider , rotorcraft ) .

Class : A classification of A/C within a category having similar operating characteristics ( SEL, MEL ) .

Type : A specific make and basic model of A/C including modifications that do not change its handling or flight characteristics.

Question 43

Ca pilot with CPC MEL rating carry PAX in a SEL A/C ?

Answer 43

14 CFR §61.31

Unless the pilot holds the appropriate category , class and type rating that applies to that A/C , he may not act as a PIC in this situation .

Question 44

PAX carriage for a commercial pilot in an A/C operated in formation flight ?

Answer 44

14 CFR §91.111

No person may operate an A/C , carrying PAX for hire , in formation flight .

Question 45

PAX carriage for a commercial pilot in a restricted , limited or experimental category A/C ?

Answer 45

14 CFR §91.313 §91.315 §91.317 §91.319

No person may operate a restricted , limited or experimental category A/C carrying persons or property for hire

Question 46

Flight time logging as an SIC ?

Answer 46

14 CFR §61.51

A pilot can log second-in-command (SIC) time if they meet the qualifications under 14 CFR §61.55 and occupy a required crewmember station in an aircraft that needs more than one pilot according to its type certificate. Alternatively, they can log SIC time if they hold the appropriate ratings and the flight requires more than one pilot either due to the aircraft’s type certificate or the regulations under which the flight is conducted, such as in Part 135 operations that mandate a two-person crew even if the aircraft itself doesn’t.

Question 47

What documents are you required to show an FAA inspector , an authorized NTSB representative , any federal, state, local enforcement officer or an authorized representative of the TSA during a ramp inspection ?

Answer 47

14 CFR §61.3

1- Airman certificate .

2- medical certificate .

3- photo ID

Question 48

Can a CPC holder fly under 14 CFR § 91 for an owner of an A/C ?

Answer 48

14 CFR §91.147

Yes , as long as the owner doesn’t receive any compensation for the transportation of PAX property on any of the flights . ( private carriage ) .

Question 49

What compliance must a pilot ensure is in place before offering commercial air tour flights in a local area ?

Answer 49

14 CFR § 91.147

1- Apply for and receive a letter of authorization from the responsible FAA flight standards office .

2- Implement a drug and alcohol testing program .

Question 50

CPC holder , own an A/C , can I rent it or lease it to friends and then have them employ me as their pilot to fly them to their destinations?

Answer 50

I am the one with operational control of the A/C and providing it for compensation or hire that means it is a package .

I would need to require an operating certificate .

Question 51

Can a CPC holder be employed by a 14 CFR 121 certificate holder , explain ?

Answer 51

14 CFR §121.436

No , you need a full ATP or restricted ATP certificate .