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AVI Navigation and Flight Planning > Pilotage and Dead Reckoning - ATP Flight School > Flashcards

Pilotage and Dead Reckoning - ATP Flight School Flashcards

1
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What is pilotage?

A

Navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints on the ground.

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2
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What makes a good checkpoint for use when navigating by pilotage?

A

It needs to be prominent enough to spot from the air, and it needs to be distinctive enough to tell it apart from other similar checkpoints.

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3
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

How does choosing boundaries/brackets help when flying by pilotage?

A

If you know that your route stays between two features like rivers, ridges, railroads, highways, etc., you can keep yourself from getting too far off course by not crossing the brackets, even if you miss a particular checkpoint.

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4
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

If you think you have missed a pilotage checkpoint, what should you do?

A

Hold your current heading and look for the next checkpoint.

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5
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

How do dead reckoning and pilotage complement each other?

A

Both dead reckoning and pilotage have weaknesses - dead reckoning calculations are only as accurate as the winds aloft forecast, while spotting pilotage checkpoints can be difficult (especially if you haven’t flown the route before). These weaknesses don’t overlap, though, so you can cross-check between the two techniques for more accurate navigation.

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6
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

How far apart are the lines of latitude and longitude drawn on VFR sectional charts?

A

30 minutes of arc (half a degree).

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7
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What are the three main types of charts used by VFR pilots?

A
  • VFR sectional charts
  • Terminal area charts
  • World aeronautical charts
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8
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What are the scales of the three main VFR charts?

A
  • Sectionals: 1 to 500,000.
  • Terminal area charts: 1 to 250,000.
  • World aeronautical charts: 1 to 1,000,000.
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9
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

In what situation would a pilot use a terminal area chart?

A

When flying in or around Class B airspace.

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10
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

In what situation would a pilot use a world aeronautical chart?

A

When flying faster aircraft, longer flights, or at higher altitudes, when having a less detailed map that covers more area is useful.

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11
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

How often are sectional charts updated?

A

Every 6 months.

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12
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

Why is it important to use current aeronautical charts?

A

Old charts may have out-of-date information. This could result in:

  • Using the wrong radio frequency.
  • Trying to navigate via checkpoints that are no longer present.
  • Being unaware of new towers and obstacles.
  • Planning a flight to a closed airport.
  • Not knowing about changes to airspace configurations.
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13
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

How can you determine the meaning of an unfamiliar symbol on a VFR chart?

A

Check the chart legend in the margins of the sectional, or review the Aeronautical Chart User’s Guide published by the FAA.

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14
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What is dead reckoning?

A

Navigation by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.

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15
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What is a flight computer?

A

A device (either mechanical or electronic) used to compute various math problems associated with flight planning and navigation.

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16
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What is a plotter?

A

A combination protractor and ruler used to measure distances and courses on an aeronautical chart.

17
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What are the three sides of the wind triangle?

A
  1. Wind direction and velocity.
  2. Aircraft’s heading and true airspeed.
  3. Aircraft’s course and groundspeed.
18
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

What is the basic formula for converting from a true course to a compass heading?

A
  • True course +/- wind correction angle = true heading
  • True heading +/- magnetic variation = magnetic heading
  • Magnetic heading +/- magnetic deviation = compass heading
19
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

Once you have a route planned, what are the basic steps in determining fuel consumption for a flight?

A
  1. Determine the distance of each leg of the route.
  2. Based on the forecast winds and the planned true airspeed, determine the groundspeed for each leg.
  3. Divide distance by groundspeed to determine the time enroute for each leg.
  4. Multiply by the planned fuel consumption rate to determine the fuel required for each leg.
  5. Add together the fuel required for each leg to determine the total fuel required.
20
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

Aside from the fuel flow listed in the cruise performance tables/charts, what are some other fuel burn numbers you need to accurately calculate fuel consumption?

A
  • Time/fuel/distance to climb
  • Time/fuel/distance to descend (if available)
  • Startup/taxi/takeoff fuel
21
Q

ATPFlightSchool.com

Why is it important to update your navigation log during the flight with actual times enroute and groundspeed calculations?

A

So that you can update your dead reckoning calculations with actual winds aloft, and so that you don’t run low on fuel due to unexpected headwinds.

AVI Navigation and Flight Planning (4 decks)

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