Pigs Flashcards
What country is the largest consumer of pig meat and how much do they consume?
How much pig meat (tonnes) is consumed in the UK?
What country is the largest producer of pig meat and how much do they produce?
How much pig meat does the UK produce?
China – consume 56 million tonnes.
1.7 million tonnes consumed in the UK.
China is the largest producer of pig meat – produce 55m tonnes.
UK produces 0.9 million tonnes.
What percentage self sufficient are the UK with their production and consumption of pig meat?
54% self sufficiency.
How many in the global pig population?
How many of these pigs are kept in China?
How many pigs kept in the UK?
1 billion pigs worldwide.
1/2 so 500million kept in China.
Around 4 million pigs kept in the UK.
Where in the UK is the density of pig holdings higher?
What percentage of UK pig population = breeding pigs?
What percentage kept as fattening pigs to slaughter?
What pig type is included in the fattening population?
On east coast – Aberdeen and English east coast.
10% breeding.
90% fattening.
Barren sows included in fattening.
How many pig holdings are there in the UK?
How many of the UK holdings are farrowing units?
What percentage of breeding holdings are kept outdoors and around how many sows per holding in each outdoor holding?
Around how many sows in each indoor holding?
Around 11,000.
6,000 farrowing units.
40% kept outdoors – around 1000 in each holding.
Around 700 sows in each indoor holding.
What does the UK genetic stock consist of?
Give 2 examples of a pig breeding company.
Pure-bred pigs for the development of AI boars and commercial breeding gilts.
Rattlerow Farms Ltd, JSR Genetics.
What is the weight range of a weaner pig on a breeding unit?
Weight range of a grower pig on a breeding unit?
What is the slaughter weight of a finisher on a finishing unit?
Up to 7-10kg.
Up to 20-40kg.
50-120kg.
Pig breeding pyramid.
For what stages can AI be used?
Nucleus generation – great grandparents, pure breeding, testing and selection.
Multiplier generation – Grandparents, crossbreeding, expansion and selection.
Commercial generation – parents, maximum flexibility, for a diff end of market.
Slaughter generation – final fattening.
AI from nucleus generation to multiplier and from nucleus to commercial.
Age of sow at her first litter?
Live births per litter?
Birth weight of piglet?
Percentage pre-weaning mortalities?
Age and weight of piglet at weaning?
Litters per sow per year?
Usually 1 yo at first litter.
11-13 live births per litter.
1-2kg birth weight.
12% pre-weaning mortalities.
27 days and 7kg at weaning.
2.2-2.5 litters per sow per yr.
What would a very small pig of 6-20kg be marketed as?
What would a 180kg pig at market be used for?
UK average carcass weight?
Suckler pig.
Parma ham.
84kg.
Slaughter weight for:
fresh pork?
cutters/joints?
bacon?
Heavy hogs for pies etc?
What type is sold in UK market?
Fresh pork = 55-70kg
Cutters/joints = 70-80kg.
Bacon = 90-110kg.
Heavy hogs = >120kg
Heavy hogs, bacon, cutters, fresh pork.
Live weight?
Carcass weight?
Killing out percentage?
What is the typical killing out percentage of a pig? – What is an explanation for this figure?
What parts of the pig does the carcass normally include?
Weight of live animal at slaughter.
Weight of dead body of animal, dressed at end of slaughter line within 45 minutes of slaughter.
Carcass weight as a proportion of the live weight before slaughter.
Around 75%. – Low weight of viscera.
Skin, head, feet.
How many pedigree pig breeds registered with British Pig Association?
Name the commercial pig breeds.
14 breeds.
Landrace and Large White.
Difference between male and female Landrace pigs?
How are Landrace pigs versatile?
How are they beneficial for production?
What type of pork are they ideal for?
What colour are they?
Females have deeper bodies than males.
They perform well in or out.
Large litters, very good daily weight gain and high lean meat content.
Fresh pork and bacon.
Pink.
What colour are Large Whites?
How are they different from Landrace pigs?
How do females differ from males?
What makes them easy to keep?
Why are they used in both commercial pig production and breeding pyramids?
Pink.
They are shorter-bodied and have different head shape.
Females deeper-bodied than males.
They are rugged and hardy and withstand variations in climate and other environmental factors.
They are good for cross breeding and improving other breeds.
Name the 6 primitive pig breeds.
Berkshire, Tamworth, Meishan, Kunekune of New Zealand, Duroc, Gloucester Old Spot.
Describe ears of Berkshire.
Describe colouring.
What type of fat is high in them and how is this beneficial?
Pricked ears.
All black with white socks, tail and blaze.
High IM fat gives good flavour.
Describe Tamworth coat.
Describe head shape.
Why are they good for breeding?
Size?
Strong and red in colour.
Similar to wild boar with long snout.
They have good sized litters and are good at protecting young.
Relatively small.
Meishan origin?
Why are they used in cross breeding?
Size?
Ears?
Describe skin?
China.
Used in cross breeding as produce large litters (15-25).
Small to medium.
Large and droopy ears.
Black and wrinkled.
Kunekune pig of New Zealand purpose?
Size, legs, snout and facial feature.
Natural habitat?
What makes them easy to keep?
Hobby pigs/pets/meat.
Small, short legs, short snout some have tassels from lower jaw.
Woodlands and pasture.
Kunekune pig of New Zealand purpose?
Size, legs, snout and facial feature.
Natural habitat?
What makes them easy to keep?
Hobby pigs/pets/meat.
Small, short legs, short snout some have tassels from lower jaw.
Woodlands and pasture.
They are tame and good with people.
Colour of Duroc purebreds?
Why are they good to breed from?
Why are they crossed in?
Why are they good for meat production?
Red.
They are good mothers and are docile.
Good for outdoor lines.
‘Marbling’ and heavy muscling suitable for light pork to heavy hog production.
Describe Gloucester Old Spot colour.
Why are they good to keep?
Why are they good to breed from?
Why are they crossed in?
Pink with black spots.
Placid and easy to manage.
Produce large litters and have a high milk production.
Large litter, high milk production.
Is it males or females with more impact on genetic improvement?
What is considered in order to select best breeding pigs?
Males have more impact.
Performance traits (economic) and amount of testing carried out at breeding company options should be considered.
Key principle of dry sow diet?
How long must a boar be isolated after purchase?
How long to settle in?
At what age to start breeding boars?
How old when regular breeding can begin?
At regular breeding, how frequently to use boar for breeding and until what age?
How many services can a mature boar perform per week?
Feed to fit, not to fat.
3-6 weeks isolation.
3-4 weeks settling in.
6-7 months old.
7-8 months old.
Use pig for breeding 2-4 times a week until 1 year old.
6-10 services per week.
What qualities are gilts selected for?
What are important traits to look for in gilts? (5)
Productivity and mothering ability.
- Sound feet and legs.
- Good growth rate.
- Good back fat.
- 14 or more teats, all well spaced, none inverted.
- Sexually mature by 220 days old.
How can a farmer be certain of the genetic quality of their replacement gilt stock? Positive and concerns?
In-herd replacement selection.
+ Easier to evaluate genetic information with fewer health concerns.
- Risk of in-breeding.
How could the risk of in-breeding be eradicated?
Positives and concerns?
How long should a gilt be isolated after purchase?
By purchasing from breeders/multiplier companies.
+ Simplifies breeding as no risk of in-breeding.
- More genetic evaluation needed to establish quality and health status.
Isolate 3-4 weeks.
What is the ideal number of teats for a gilt to have?
What percentage of the gilt population have 14 teats?
What is the commercial choice for teat number?
How many functional teats generally in Meishan crosses?
Why is teat position important?
16 teats.
Around 25% have 14.
12 functional teats as commercial choice.
14-16 in meishan crosses.
To provide good accessibility.
How long is gestation?
What can be monitored to manage a pregnant sow’s feeding regime?
115 days gestation.
BCS.
BCS 1 – Visuals, hips, back bone.
BCS 2 – Hips and back bone.
BCS 3 – Hips and back bone.
BCS 4
BCS 5 – Vertical process.
1 - Visually thin, very prominent hips and back bone and no fat over these.
2 - Easy to feel hips and back bone with no pressure on palms.
3 - Firm pressure with palm to feel hips and back bone.
4 - Impossible to feel any bones even with pressure on palms.
5 - Vertical process only detectable by a line.
When is a sow likely to be at her poorest condition?
What is negative about a sow being in poor condition in terms of productionAt what BCS is a sow recommended to be to enter farrowing house?
To what BCS may a sow decrease during lactation?
When her piglets are at weaning.
A sow in poor condition has a delayed return to oestrus by double.
Recommended BCS 3, NOT >4.
BCS 2.
How long before due date should a sow be prepped for farrowing?
What are the signs of a sow being in pre-farrowing period?
10-14 days before.
Development of mammary glands (veins more prominent and teats enlarge) and vulva swelling with mucus discharge.
What are the signs of onset of farrowing? (5)
- Reduced appetite.
- Restlessness.
- Standing up and laying down frequently.
- Chewing bedding and moving it around in mouth.
- Nesting in loose house with straw.
When does milk start to be secreted?
What could the farmer do to help milk expression?
Typically how long does farrowing last and how frequently do the piglets arrive?
within 12 hours of farrowing.
Gentle massage.
3-8hrs.
Piglets come every 10-20 mins.
What occurs in the post-farrowing stage?
Placental delivery.
What does the delivery of the placenta indicate? – Why is this sometimes not reliable?
How long does it usually take for the placenta to be delivered?
How long can discharge be passed for post placental delivery?
Indicates sow is finished farrowing – Afterbirth can sometimes be delivered during farrowing.
1-4 hours for placental delivery.
3-5 days.
How can farrowing be induced in sows?
From what point of gestation can a sow be induced?
How long after induction will farrowing begin?
Why is induction beneficial?
By IM prostaglandin injection.
From 112 days.
20-30 hours after induction.
Beneficial to synchronise farrowing in sows and plan and prepare for births.
Describe a fully slatted farrowing crate.
Cast iron on bottom, plastic on sides, good hygiene, increased room temperature, increase ammonia emissions.
Describe a partially slatted farrowing crate.
Concrete under sow, 110-120cm at rear, fair room temperature, relatively low ammonia emission.
Within what length of time is teat order established?
What are considered the best teats?
within first few hours.
Teats nearer the head of the sow.
What is the first limiting factor of milk let down?
What is key to a good start to a piglet’s life?
Water availability.
Good quality and adequate intake of colostrum.
How much colostrum is adequate for a piglet?
How much higher is sow colostrum from sow milk in protein?
How long after birth does the piglet gut begin to close to colostrum?
After how long are the full effects of immunoglobins not available to piglets?
150-280g/kg.
5X.
6 hours.
After 24 hours.
How often does a piglet suckle from the sow?
How does the piglet stimulate the sow for milk let-down to occur?
Every 50-60 mins.
- Nuzzling.
- Pushing.
- Having teat in mouth.
How long after farrowing can disease be detected in the mammary tissue?
What is a sign of pre-farrowing mastitis?
What can visibly seen on affected glands with mastitis?
What can mastitis be caused by?
4-6 hours.
off food and fails to suckle new-borns.
Discolouration and swelling to the affected glands.
oedema and congestion.
How can uneven litters be managed?
croos-fostering.
What temperature should the farrowing house be?
What is the minimum water supply that should be provided to a sow?
When should a sow’s feed intake be decreased?
<20 degrees. – piglets should have heat lamp.
At least 3x milk production.
In first few days post farrowing.