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2S03 part 2 > Pidgins and Creoles > Flashcards

Pidgins and Creoles Flashcards

1
Q

Why are pidgins and Creoles important?

Linguistically?

A
  • essential to everyday living, markers of identity

- Language origin and change, No need to wait hundreds of years for change pidgins and creoles change fast

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2
Q

Lingua Francas

A

A language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them

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3
Q

Are Lingua Francas homogenous?

A

No there is individual and regional variation

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4
Q

Pidgin:

A

A language with no native speaker, Simplification of grammar and vocabulary, phonological variation, multiple lexcial borrowings.

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5
Q

What Causes a Pidgin?

A

Need to communicate, usually 2 or 3 languages

Imbalance of power, speakers of the less powerful languages must communicate with all groups

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6
Q

Do people still use pidgins today?

A

Yes several Million people

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7
Q

Attitudes towards pidgin speakers:

A

Seen as deficient, unable to speak a normal language, baby talk. ex. Nigerian Pidgin English is called ‘Bad’ English

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8
Q

Creole:

A

A pidgin that has become the L1 of a new generation, always starts with a pidgin
- expanded vocabulary and grammar, wider range of functions, a normal language
No clear cut difference between pidgin and creole

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9
Q

What is the relationship between Creoles and their Standard Language

A
  • A complicated relationship

- Perceived inferiority of creoles

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10
Q

Pidginization:

A
  • Reduction in morphologyt and syntax
  • Phonological variation
  • Reduction in functions
  • Extensive lexical borrowing from local languages
  • complex*
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11
Q

Creolization:

A
  • Expansion of the morphology and Syntax
  • Regularization of phonology
  • Increase in number of functions
  • Increasing vocabulary
  • May be formed in just 2 generations
  • Result of second language acquisition
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12
Q

Historical Origins of Pidgins:

5 of them

A

1) Slavery
2) Trade
3) European Settlement
4) War
5) Labour Migration

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13
Q

Factor 1 - Slavery:

A

Triangular system: Europe – Africa – New World

- Pidgins created in slave factories in Africa and on the way to North America

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14
Q

Factor 2 - Trade

A

Pidgins may develop in certain types of trading activites where several linguistic groups are involved and interpreters are unavailable ex. Naga Piidgin in India

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15
Q

Factor 3- European Settlement

A

ex. Papua New Guinea, China, India, Fanakalo in South africa between english and zulu speakers, used in mines today no sign of creolization

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16
Q

Factor 4- War

A

American Wars in Asia. Japan, Korea,Vietnam, Thailand

ex. Resulted in Bamboo English

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17
Q

Factor 5- Labour Migration

A

Accelerated contact through employment, need for quick communication
ex. Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea

18
Q

Name 3 English Based Pidgins:

A

Hawaiian Creole
Jamaican Creole
Former Chinese Pidgin

19
Q

How many total creoles are there in the world?

A

127

20
Q

The sound system of pidgins:

Phonology

A

Phonology

  • fewer less complicated sounds, more variation
    ex. Tok Pisin [p] and [f] have same meaning
21
Q

The sound system of pidgins:

Morphology

A

Morphology

  • Lack of inflection nouns
  • No case markings
  • some suffixes and tense markers
22
Q

The sound system of pidgins:

syntax

A

Uncomplicated clausal structure:

  • No relative clauses
  • simple negative particles
  • preverbal particles
23
Q

Are all pidgins similar?

A

Yes despite being based on different languages all pidgins have striking similarities

24
Q

Pidgin Vocabulary:

A

1) Polysemy
2) Multifunctionality
3) Circumlocution
4) Compounding
5) Reduplication

25
Q

Polysemy:

A

Same word expressing several meanings

26
Q

Multifunctionality:

A

Same word fulfills a variety of functions

ex. Noun or adjective

27
Q

Circumlocution:

A

Paraphrase for word
ex, gras bilong fes = beard
gras bilong hed = hair

28
Q

Compounding:

A

Used to indicated abstractions and gender
big maus = conceited
hos meri/ man = mare/ stallion

29
Q

Reduplication:

A

To add meaning of intensity, plurality, duration and frequency

30
Q

Wardhaugh theories of the origin of Pidgins in 3 categories?

A

1) Theories of independent parallel development
a) polygenesis, b) Simplification Strategies
2) Monogenetic theories
3) Linguistic Universals

31
Q

Theories of Parallel Development:

A

a) polygenesis
- Similar circumstances, started in many places
- Similarity of dominant and substratum languages
b) Simplification Strategies
- Baby/ foreigner- talk theory
- European superiority, spoke down to slaves, prevented access to suprastrate

32
Q

Monogenetic Theories

A

a) Drew on a European language derived from pidgin Portugese (Sabir origin) formed structural basis for all pidgins. Relexification
b) Relexification:
i) learned portugese pidgin in the africa coast and on journey to new world. Adopted to particular plantation.
ii) The portugese sailors had the pidgin once they came to a fort in africa they adopted words which slaves then learned.
SUPPORT: Nautical Terminology

33
Q

Linguistic Universals:

Bickerton’s Language Bioprogram hypothesis

A

The inherent linguistic skills of all humans, Universal principles of L1 acquisition, Similarities between P and C and childrens languages.
Children learn rules to limit english, creoles are less artificial

34
Q

How can you tell creoles from full languages?

A

Only from their history no structural criteria

35
Q

Decreolization:

A

Creole becomes merged with the standard language.

Intermediate varieties develop

36
Q

Acrolect

A

Standard language

37
Q

Mesolect

A

Creoles more like standard language

38
Q

Basilect

A

Basic language, creole like

39
Q

What is a requirement of Bickertons Decreolization?

A

Creole and standard must be based on the same language.

40
Q

What can happen to a creole? (Bell)

A

1) Stable relationship with the superstrate ex. Haiti
2) May be absorbed by the standard ex. Sea Islands
3) A creole may become a standard ex Swahili
4 A creole continuum ex. jamaica and Guyana

41
Q

Recreolization

A

An increase in basilect creole constructions
ex. Norm of British born adolescents of Caribbean origin in many parts of london, white youth may also speak the creole fluently

2S03 part 2 (5 decks)

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