Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 1 > PID- Virology > Flashcards

PID- Virology Flashcards

1
Q

define virology

A

the study of viruses and viral diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define viriologist

A

someone who studies viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are 3 reasons why it is important to study veterinary virology?

A

viruses cause high rates or mortality and morbidity in animals & birds
viral diseases in animals cause tremendous financial losses to the livestock and poultry industries, hampering economic development of a country
some viruses are zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 3 physical characteristics in the definition of a virus?

A

non-living entities
contain nucleic acid genome (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and sometimes a lipid envelope (bubble of fat)
don’t possess standard cellular organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 3 functional characteristics in the definition of a virus?

A

can’t make energy or proteins by themselves- have to rely on a host cell
obligate intracellular parasites
don’t have genetic capability to multiply by division. the process resembles an assembly line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a capsid and what is it made up of?

A

the protein shell of a virus that encases/envelopes the viral nucleic acid or genome
made up of capsomeres held together by non-covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a nucleocapsid?

A

capsid + virus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)/genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a lipid envelope, what does it cover and what is present on the surface?

A

a lipid bilayer derived from host cell
covers the capsid
glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope appear as spikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the difference between naked viruses and enveloped viruses?

A 
naked= only protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid
envelope= additional lipid layer enclosing the protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define pleomorphism

A

the ability of some virus to alter their shape or size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the shapes of ebola virus, rabies, bacteriophagem tobacco0mosaic virus, pox virus and rota virus?

A 
filament
bullet
tadpole
rod
brick
spherical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are 4 types of chemical composition of viruses (nucleic acids)?

A

DNA: ds or ss
RNA: ds or ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 6 steps of virus replication?

A 
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are 4 possible impacts of virus replication in host cell

A

no apparent changes to the infected cell (latent, persistent or chronic infection)
transformation of cell to malignant one
fusion of cells, multinucleated
cell death (lysis, alteration cell membrane, apoptosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the main source for viral taxonomy and what is their role?

A

the international committee of taxonomy of viruses (ICTV) classification system
develop, refine and maintain a universal virus taxonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are 7 methods of viral transmission?

A

direct contact (physical contact with infected host)
indirect contact (contaminated inanimate objects- fomites)
common-vehicle (contamination of water and food)
airborne
vector (arthropod)-borne
zoonotic
vertical (mother to child before, during or after parturition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are 5 methods of diagnosis/detection of viral diseases?

A 
gross evaluation & histopathology
cultivation/isolation
electron microscopy
serology 
detection of viral nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are 3 ways to diagnose viral disease during gross evaluation?

A

clinical signs
necropsy
histopathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are two ways to diagnose viral disease during cultivation/isolation?

A

in cell/tissue culture

inoculation in eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is serology and what are 3 types used?

A

detection of viral antigen or host antibody against virus
ELISA
fluorescent antibody staining
immunohistochemical staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are 3 methods of detection of viral nucleic acids?

A

PCR/RT-PCR (RNA viruses)
quantitative PCR
virus genome sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are 3 treatment methods of viral disease?

A

antiviral drugs
immune system stimulation
synthesize antibodies or administration of natural antiserum (antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how to antiviral drugs work?

A

interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell or a target different stages of replication/synthesis of components required for replication of the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is used in immune system stimulation in treatment options, and what is it?

A 
interferons
class of proteins that has antiviral effects and modulate functions of the immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are 4 methods of prevention of viral diseases?

A

vaccination
proper hygiene and sanitation
eliminating arthropod vectors
quarantine & culling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are 3 types vaccinations for viral diseases/

A

live-attenuated virus
non-replicating virus
vaccines produced by recombinant DNA and related technologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are 4 methods of proper hygiene and sanitation?

A

use of disinfectants
adoption of “all in, all out” management system between different batches of animals
hand washing and decontamination of contaminated equipment
proper waste management in farms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are two methods for eliminating arthropod vectors and what is an example of each?

A 
biological control (predatory fish)
chemical control (insecticides)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are two forms of quarantine?

A

separate and restrict the movement of animals

kill and proper disposition of culled animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define pathogenicity

A

the ability of a virus to cause disease in host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

define pathogen

A

virus which causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define pathogenesis

A

the manner/mechanism of development of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

define virulence

A

a quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of the infecting virus

34
Q

define avirulent

A

not virulent (not harmful to the host)

35
Q

define virulentus

A

poisoned wound or full of poison

36
Q

what is virulence not an absolute property of and what does it depend on?

A

not a property of virus

depends on many variables

37
Q

what are 5 factors related to the virus that affect virulence?

A 
genetic variation of virus
route of entry of virus in host
affinity of virus to host organs
dose of infection
immuno evasion
38
Q

what are 4 factors related to the host that affect virus virulence?

A

host species
host immunity
host physiological factors (nutrition status, age, hormonal factors, stage of cell differentiation
fever

39
Q

what are 2 other factors (besides virus and host) what affect virulence?

A

environment

dual infections

40
Q

how is virulence measured?

A

lethal dose 50 (LD50)

41
Q

define LD50, is a lower or higher LD50 more virulent?

A

the dose of the virus required to cause death in 50% of animals
lower LD50 is more virulent

42
Q

what are 4 routes of entry for a virus?

A

skin
mucous membrane
GI tract
Respiratory tract

43
Q

how to viruses enter the host and what are 3 methods?

A

through a cut or breach
transcutaneous injection
bite of arthropods or infected animal
contaminated objects (needle)

44
Q

what are four methods of infection through the mucous membrane?

A

conjunctiva
oropharynx
genitourinary tract
rectum

45
Q

how are viruses spread through the GI tract?

A

contaminated food & water

46
Q

what are the 3 stages of virus spread in host?

A

local spread on epithelial surfaces
subepithelial invasion and lymphatic spread
blood stream

47
Q

what do local virus spread on epithelial surfaces cause, what may it proceed to and should the virus overcome?

A

causes localized infection
may or may not proceed to subepithelial layer/underlying tissues
should overcome local host defense

48
Q

what do the virus gain access to in subepithelial invasion (3) and where it may help carry it to?

A

access to lymphatics, phagocytic cells & tissue fluids

may help carry virus to blood stream

49
Q

define viremia

A

presence of virus in the blood

50
Q

what are two forms of viremia?

A

primary

secondary

51
Q

define primary viremia and what are the 2 ways it happens?

A

initial entry of virus into the blood
spread of virus infection to blood from subepithelial tissue/lymphatics
directly injected in blood, through bite of mosquitoes, or syringes

52
Q

define secondary viremia?

A

virus has replicated/multiplied in major organs & once more entered the circulation

53
Q

define disseminated infection

A

infection spreads beyond the primary site of infection

54
Q

define systemic infection

A

if a number of organs or tissues are infected

55
Q

what are three ways a virus can spread via nerves and what do they all infect?

A

through peripheral nerves
through receptor neurons in the nasal olfactory epithelium
virus can cross blood-brain barrier & infect CNS
CNS (Brain, spinal cord)

56
Q

define neurotropic virus, how may an infection occur by (2)?

A

viruses that can infect neural cells

infection may occur by neural or hematogenous spread

57
Q

define neuroinvasive virus

A

viruses that enter the CNS after infection of a peripheral site

58
Q

define neurovirulent virus

A

viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue, manifested by neurological symptoms and often death

59
Q

define tropism

A

the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue

60
Q

define pantropic viruses

A

can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue

61
Q

what are 5 different virus-cell interactions?

A

inhibition of host-cell nucleic acid synthesis

inhibition of host-cell RNA

62
Q

what are 5 possible outcomes of viral injury?

A 
cell lysis/bursting
apoptosis
oncoviruses
persistent infection
immunosuppression
63
Q

what does cell lysis after viral injury allow?

A

release of new viruses

64
Q

what does apoptosis after viral injury eliminate?

A

eliminates viral factories before new virus production is complete

65
Q

what do oncoviruses cause and with it another name for them?

A

cancer causing

oncogenic viruses

66
Q

how does the virus cause persistent infection?

A

virus remaint latent or dormant in host cell for long periods, escaping detection by the host immune system

67
Q

what is virus shedding crucial to?

A

shedding of infectious virions is crucial to the maintenance of infection in populations

68
Q

define acute infection

A

usually intensive shedding over short time period

69
Q

define persistent infections

A

can be shed at lower titers for months to years

70
Q

what are two types of infection of the skin?

A

localized or desseminated

71
Q

what are 5 types of injury to the skin?

A 
vesicle
ulcer
nodules
warts
erythema
72
Q

define vesicle

A

sac-like structure that is filled with fluid

73
Q

define ulcer

A

opening of the skin caused by sloughing of necrotic tissue, extending past the epidermis

74
Q

define nodule

A

tumor extending deep into the dermis

75
Q

define wart

A

benign skin growths that appear when a virus infects the top layer of the skin

76
Q

define erythema

A

reddening of skin

77
Q

what are two forms of injury to the GI tract and what 3 stages of infection does it lead to?

A

ingestion & from blood, systemic infection
destruction of intestinal enterocytes
malabsorption, diarrhea
dehydration, acidosis, hemoconcentration

78
Q

what are 3 symptoms caused by injury to the respiratory tract?

A

inflammation
obstruction of air passages
hypoxia & respiratory distress

79
Q

what are 4 types of injury to the CNS?

A

lytic infections of neurons
neuronal necrosis
neuronophagia
perivascular cuffing (inflammatory cells around blood vessels)

80
Q

what are two tupes of nerve damage in the CNS?

A 
progressive demyelination
neuronal vacuolation (prion disease)
81
Q

what does viral infection of the hemopoietic system result in (2)?

A

damage to endothelium- hemorrhages

disseminated intravacsular coagulation (DIC)

82
Q

what is a type of virus involved in viral infection of the fetus and what does it cause?

A

teratogenic virus

cause developmental defects of embryo or fetus after in-utero infection

Semester 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions