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Semester 1 > PID- Virology > Flashcards

PID- Virology Flashcards

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1
Q

define virology

A

the study of viruses and viral diseases

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2
Q

define viriologist

A

someone who studies viruses

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3
Q

what are 3 reasons why it is important to study veterinary virology?

A

viruses cause high rates or mortality and morbidity in animals & birds
viral diseases in animals cause tremendous financial losses to the livestock and poultry industries, hampering economic development of a country
some viruses are zoonotic

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4
Q

what are 3 physical characteristics in the definition of a virus?

A

non-living entities
contain nucleic acid genome (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and sometimes a lipid envelope (bubble of fat)
don’t possess standard cellular organelles

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5
Q

what are 3 functional characteristics in the definition of a virus?

A

can’t make energy or proteins by themselves- have to rely on a host cell
obligate intracellular parasites
don’t have genetic capability to multiply by division. the process resembles an assembly line

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6
Q

what is a capsid and what is it made up of?

A

the protein shell of a virus that encases/envelopes the viral nucleic acid or genome
made up of capsomeres held together by non-covalent bonds

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7
Q

what is a nucleocapsid?

A

capsid + virus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)/genome

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8
Q

what is a lipid envelope, what does it cover and what is present on the surface?

A

a lipid bilayer derived from host cell
covers the capsid
glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope appear as spikes

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9
Q

what is the difference between naked viruses and enveloped viruses?

A 
naked= only protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid
envelope= additional lipid layer enclosing the protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid
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10
Q

define pleomorphism

A

the ability of some virus to alter their shape or size

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11
Q

what are the shapes of ebola virus, rabies, bacteriophagem tobacco0mosaic virus, pox virus and rota virus?

A 
filament
bullet
tadpole
rod
brick
spherical
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12
Q

what are 4 types of chemical composition of viruses (nucleic acids)?

A

DNA: ds or ss
RNA: ds or ss

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13
Q

what are the 6 steps of virus replication?

A 
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
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14
Q

what are 4 possible impacts of virus replication in host cell

A

no apparent changes to the infected cell (latent, persistent or chronic infection)
transformation of cell to malignant one
fusion of cells, multinucleated
cell death (lysis, alteration cell membrane, apoptosis)

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15
Q

what is the main source for viral taxonomy and what is their role?

A

the international committee of taxonomy of viruses (ICTV) classification system
develop, refine and maintain a universal virus taxonomy

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16
Q

what are 7 methods of viral transmission?

A

direct contact (physical contact with infected host)
indirect contact (contaminated inanimate objects- fomites)
common-vehicle (contamination of water and food)
airborne
vector (arthropod)-borne
zoonotic
vertical (mother to child before, during or after parturition)

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17
Q

what are 5 methods of diagnosis/detection of viral diseases?

A 
gross evaluation & histopathology
cultivation/isolation
electron microscopy
serology 
detection of viral nucleic acids
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18
Q

what are 3 ways to diagnose viral disease during gross evaluation?

A

clinical signs
necropsy
histopathology

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19
Q

what are two ways to diagnose viral disease during cultivation/isolation?

A

in cell/tissue culture

inoculation in eggs

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20
Q

what is serology and what are 3 types used?

A

detection of viral antigen or host antibody against virus
ELISA
fluorescent antibody staining
immunohistochemical staining

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21
Q

what are 3 methods of detection of viral nucleic acids?

A

PCR/RT-PCR (RNA viruses)
quantitative PCR
virus genome sequencing

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22
Q

what are 3 treatment methods of viral disease?

A

antiviral drugs
immune system stimulation
synthesize antibodies or administration of natural antiserum (antibodies)

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23
Q

how to antiviral drugs work?

A

interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell or a target different stages of replication/synthesis of components required for replication of the virus

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24
Q

what is used in immune system stimulation in treatment options, and what is it?

A 
interferons
class of proteins that has antiviral effects and modulate functions of the immune system
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25
what are 4 methods of prevention of viral diseases?
vaccination proper hygiene and sanitation eliminating arthropod vectors quarantine & culling
26
what are 3 types vaccinations for viral diseases/
live-attenuated virus non-replicating virus vaccines produced by recombinant DNA and related technologies
27
what are 4 methods of proper hygiene and sanitation?
use of disinfectants adoption of "all in, all out" management system between different batches of animals hand washing and decontamination of contaminated equipment proper waste management in farms
28
what are two methods for eliminating arthropod vectors and what is an example of each?
``` biological control (predatory fish) chemical control (insecticides) ```
29
what are two forms of quarantine?
separate and restrict the movement of animals | kill and proper disposition of culled animals
30
define pathogenicity
the ability of a virus to cause disease in host
31
define pathogen
virus which causes disease
32
define pathogenesis
the manner/mechanism of development of a disease
33
define virulence
a quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of the infecting virus
34
define avirulent
not virulent (not harmful to the host)
35
define virulentus
poisoned wound or full of poison
36
what is virulence not an absolute property of and what does it depend on?
not a property of virus | depends on many variables
37
what are 5 factors related to the virus that affect virulence?
``` genetic variation of virus route of entry of virus in host affinity of virus to host organs dose of infection immuno evasion ```
38
what are 4 factors related to the host that affect virus virulence?
host species host immunity host physiological factors (nutrition status, age, hormonal factors, stage of cell differentiation fever
39
what are 2 other factors (besides virus and host) what affect virulence?
environment | dual infections
40
how is virulence measured?
lethal dose 50 (LD50)
41
define LD50, is a lower or higher LD50 more virulent?
the dose of the virus required to cause death in 50% of animals lower LD50 is more virulent
42
what are 4 routes of entry for a virus?
skin mucous membrane GI tract Respiratory tract
43
how to viruses enter the host and what are 3 methods?
through a cut or breach transcutaneous injection bite of arthropods or infected animal contaminated objects (needle)
44
what are four methods of infection through the mucous membrane?
conjunctiva oropharynx genitourinary tract rectum
45
how are viruses spread through the GI tract?
contaminated food & water
46
what are the 3 stages of virus spread in host?
local spread on epithelial surfaces subepithelial invasion and lymphatic spread blood stream
47
what do local virus spread on epithelial surfaces cause, what may it proceed to and should the virus overcome?
causes localized infection may or may not proceed to subepithelial layer/underlying tissues should overcome local host defense
48
what do the virus gain access to in subepithelial invasion (3) and where it may help carry it to?
access to lymphatics, phagocytic cells & tissue fluids | may help carry virus to blood stream
49
define viremia
presence of virus in the blood
50
what are two forms of viremia?
primary | secondary
51
define primary viremia and what are the 2 ways it happens?
initial entry of virus into the blood spread of virus infection to blood from subepithelial tissue/lymphatics directly injected in blood, through bite of mosquitoes, or syringes
52
define secondary viremia?
virus has replicated/multiplied in major organs & once more entered the circulation
53
define disseminated infection
infection spreads beyond the primary site of infection
54
define systemic infection
if a number of organs or tissues are infected
55
what are three ways a virus can spread via nerves and what do they all infect?
through peripheral nerves through receptor neurons in the nasal olfactory epithelium virus can cross blood-brain barrier & infect CNS CNS (Brain, spinal cord)
56
define neurotropic virus, how may an infection occur by (2)?
viruses that can infect neural cells | infection may occur by neural or hematogenous spread
57
define neuroinvasive virus
viruses that enter the CNS after infection of a peripheral site
58
define neurovirulent virus
viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue, manifested by neurological symptoms and often death
59
define tropism
the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue
60
define pantropic viruses
can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue
61
what are 5 different virus-cell interactions?
inhibition of host-cell nucleic acid synthesis | inhibition of host-cell RNA
62
what are 5 possible outcomes of viral injury?
``` cell lysis/bursting apoptosis oncoviruses persistent infection immunosuppression ```
63
what does cell lysis after viral injury allow?
release of new viruses
64
what does apoptosis after viral injury eliminate?
eliminates viral factories before new virus production is complete
65
what do oncoviruses cause and with it another name for them?
cancer causing | oncogenic viruses
66
how does the virus cause persistent infection?
virus remaint latent or dormant in host cell for long periods, escaping detection by the host immune system
67
what is virus shedding crucial to?
shedding of infectious virions is crucial to the maintenance of infection in populations
68
define acute infection
usually intensive shedding over short time period
69
define persistent infections
can be shed at lower titers for months to years
70
what are two types of infection of the skin?
localized or desseminated
71
what are 5 types of injury to the skin?
``` vesicle ulcer nodules warts erythema ```
72
define vesicle
sac-like structure that is filled with fluid
73
define ulcer
opening of the skin caused by sloughing of necrotic tissue, extending past the epidermis
74
define nodule
tumor extending deep into the dermis
75
define wart
benign skin growths that appear when a virus infects the top layer of the skin
76
define erythema
reddening of skin
77
what are two forms of injury to the GI tract and what 3 stages of infection does it lead to?
ingestion & from blood, systemic infection destruction of intestinal enterocytes malabsorption, diarrhea dehydration, acidosis, hemoconcentration
78
what are 3 symptoms caused by injury to the respiratory tract?
inflammation obstruction of air passages hypoxia & respiratory distress
79
what are 4 types of injury to the CNS?
lytic infections of neurons neuronal necrosis neuronophagia perivascular cuffing (inflammatory cells around blood vessels)
80
what are two tupes of nerve damage in the CNS?
``` progressive demyelination neuronal vacuolation (prion disease) ```
81
what does viral infection of the hemopoietic system result in (2)?
damage to endothelium- hemorrhages | disseminated intravacsular coagulation (DIC)
82
what is a type of virus involved in viral infection of the fetus and what does it cause?
teratogenic virus | cause developmental defects of embryo or fetus after in-utero infection

Semester 1 (3 decks)

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