Micro anatomy

Question 1

what 3 conditions must a specimen meet in order to be observed under a light or transmission electron microscope?

Answer 1

be well preserved= retain structure & molecular composition
be sufficiently thin to allow light transmission
have enough contrast to observe details

Question 2

how are tissue specimens fixed for observation in a microscope?

Answer 2

10% buffered formalin

Question 3

what tool is used to cut tissue for fixation, how big are the cuts for a light microscope and for an electron microscope?

Answer 3

microtome
1-7 micrometer
nanometers

Question 4

what are the 6 steps from tissue to histological slide?

Answer 4

cut
fixation
dehydration
clearing
infiltration
embedding

Question 5

What is the purpose of the dehydration step of slide preparation and what solution is used in this step?

Answer 5

to remove water from tissue

ascending % of alcohol

Question 6

what solution is used in the clearing stage of slide preparation?

Answer 6

xylene

Question 7

what is the purpose of the infiltration step of slide preparation, what solution is used in this step, and what temperature is used?

Answer 7

replace water with hot wax
paraffin wax
58-60 C

Question 8

what is the most common staining method?

Answer 8

hematoxylin eosin (H&E)

Question 9

what is an example of a special stain?

Answer 9

silver stained used to demonstrate elastin or to stain spirochetes

Question 10

what are histochemical methods used to demonstrate and how does it work?

Answer 10

chemical constituiients DNA, RNA, lipids, glycogen, carbs and elements such as Ca, Fe
binds to a certain component of a tissue & gives a specific color

Question 11

what are 3 structures used in basophilia staning, what is a structure for acidophilis (eosionophilia) staining?

Answer 11

DNA, RNA, acid protein

basic proteins

Question 12

what color stain is acidophilic/eosinophilic and basophilic?

Answer 12

acid= red
basic= blue

Question 13

what are the 3 basic constituents of a cell?

Answer 13

cytosol (hyaloplasm)
organelles (cell organelles)
cell inclusions (paraplasm)

Question 14

what is haloplasm?

Answer 14

basic structureless cytoplasm

Question 15

what are 8 cell organelles?

Answer 15

nucleus
mitochondria
Golgi
ribosomes
ER
lysosomes
cytoskeleton
proteasomes

Question 16

what are 5 components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 16

centriole
microtubules
actin and myosin filaments
intermediate filaments

Question 17

what is another term for cell inclusions and what are 5 types?

Answer 17

paraplasm
secretory granules,
glycogen,
lipid droplets, 
crystaloids,
pigments

Question 18

what are 3 pigments?

Answer 18

melanin
lipofuscin
lutein

Question 19

what color is chromatin and what are two types?

Answer 19

basophilic
heterochromatin (inactive)
euchromatin (active)

Question 20

what does the nuclear envelope attach to and what do nuclear pores allow passage of?

Answer 20

connects to RER

passage of RNA, proteins into the cytoplasm

Question 21

what are the 4 most euchromatic cells?

Answer 21

neurons
hepatocytes (liver cells)
pancreatic acinar cells
sertoli cells

Question 22

what are 2 characteristics of neurons?

Answer 22

large, very pale and round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus

Question 23

how to mitochondria replicate, what is the structure of their DNA, what are 2 characteristics of the organelle and what type of microscope can;t it be seen under?

Answer 23

self-replicating
circular DNA
double membrane-enclosed organelle with cristae
lot visible under LM in ordinary staining

Question 24

what are 3 roles of the mitochondria?

Answer 24

ATP generation
Cell death (necrosis & apoptosis)

Question 25

how is the mitochondria involved in apoptosis?

Answer 25

release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Question 26

what are 3 functions of smooth ER?

Answer 26

lipid biosynthesis detoxification sequestration of Ca ions

Question 27

what are 4 functions of rough ER?

Answer 27

segregate proteins not destined to the cytoplasm glycosylation of glycoproteins synthesis of phospholipids assembly of multichain proteins

Question 28

what is a characteristic of the Golgi?

Answer 28

collection of membrane-bound flattened sacs (cisternae)

Question 29

what are 3 functions of the Golgi?

Answer 29

sorting packing delivery

Question 30

what are lysosomes, what do they contain, what are they associated with (2), and what are they involved in?

Answer 30

secretory vesicles/granules contain hydrolytic enzymes associated with phagocytosis, pinocytosis involved in intracellular digestion

Question 31

what are proteasomes, and what do they require?

Answer 31

small enzymatic complexes for intracellular digestion | requires a protein= ubiquitin

Question 32

what are proteasomes primary function?

Answer 32

recycling AA from endogenous proteins

Question 33

what do peroxicomes contain and what is their role?

Answer 33

contrin the enzyme catalase which can degrade intracellular hydrogen peroxide degrade toxic molecules and some prescription drugs

Question 34

what are two types of microfilaments and one type of intermediate filament?

Answer 34

actin and myosin | keratin

Question 35

what are microtubules, and what is their role (4)

Answer 35

hollow thin tubules move organelles, vesicles, ribosomes form mitotic spindle maintain shape of avian RBCs and platelets part of centrioles, cilia and sperm flagella

Question 36

what are 5 types of intermediate filaments?

Answer 36

``` tonofilaments vimentin desmin neurofilaments glial filaments ```

Question 37

what is another name for tonofilaments, where are they found and what are 2 examples?

Answer 37

cytokeratins epithelium both keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia

Question 38

where are vimentin filaments found and what are 6 examples?

Answer 38

``` mesenchymal cells fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts macrophages endothelial cells vascular smooth muscle cells ```

Question 39

where are desmin filaments found and what are 2 examples?

Answer 39

muscle | striated and smooth muscle

Question 40

where are neurofilaments found and what is an examoke?

Answer 40

neurons | most neurons

Question 41

where are glial filaments found and what is an example?

Answer 41

astrocytes

Question 42

where are microtubules found and what is a characteristic of it?

Answer 42

cells that have cilia | 9 doublets and 2 singlets

Question 43

what are 3 types of inclusions?

Answer 43

pigments glycogen lipid

Question 44

what are 4 types of pigments and what color are they?

Answer 44

melanin- black lipofuscin- brown lutein- yellow hemosiderin

Question 45

where is glycogen found (3)?

Answer 45

liver muscle neurons

Question 46

where are lipid droplets found? (2)

Answer 46

white and brown adipose tissue

Question 47

what are 3 types of surface specializations?

Answer 47

microvilli cilia (kinocilia) stereocilia

Question 48

what are 3 characteristics of microvili, what is their role, where are they found, what two microscopes are used to view them and what do they form?

Answer 48

vary small, absorptive, immotile increase surface area= absorptive capacity kidneys & intestines EM & LM form a brush/striated border when viewed with the LM

Question 49

what are cilia, what are 2 characteristics compared to microvilli and what do they come from?

Answer 49

motile projections longer but less numerous than microvilli come from basal bodies (= modified single centrioles)

Question 50

what are 2 characteristics of stereocilia, what are they considered and where are they located (2)?

Answer 50

nonmotile projections, absorptive considered large microvilli locate din inner ear and reproductive tract

Question 51

what are 7 different cell shapes?

Answer 51

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, spindle, sylindrical, multipolar, round

Question 52

what are 3 nuclear shapes?

Answer 52

round elongated polymorphonuclear

Question 53

what are 3 different nuclear positions?

Answer 53

central eccentric/hypolemmal apical vs basal