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Semester 1 > Micro anatomy > Flashcards

Micro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 conditions must a specimen meet in order to be observed under a light or transmission electron microscope?

A

be well preserved= retain structure & molecular composition
be sufficiently thin to allow light transmission
have enough contrast to observe details

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2
Q

how are tissue specimens fixed for observation in a microscope?

A

10% buffered formalin

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3
Q

what tool is used to cut tissue for fixation, how big are the cuts for a light microscope and for an electron microscope?

A

microtome
1-7 micrometer
nanometers

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4
Q

what are the 6 steps from tissue to histological slide?

A 
cut
fixation
dehydration
clearing
infiltration
embedding
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the dehydration step of slide preparation and what solution is used in this step?

A

to remove water from tissue

ascending % of alcohol

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6
Q

what solution is used in the clearing stage of slide preparation?

A

xylene

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the infiltration step of slide preparation, what solution is used in this step, and what temperature is used?

A

replace water with hot wax
paraffin wax
58-60 C

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8
Q

what is the most common staining method?

A

hematoxylin eosin (H&E)

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9
Q

what is an example of a special stain?

A

silver stained used to demonstrate elastin or to stain spirochetes

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10
Q

what are histochemical methods used to demonstrate and how does it work?

A

chemical constituiients DNA, RNA, lipids, glycogen, carbs and elements such as Ca, Fe
binds to a certain component of a tissue & gives a specific color

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11
Q

what are 3 structures used in basophilia staning, what is a structure for acidophilis (eosionophilia) staining?

A

DNA, RNA, acid protein

basic proteins

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12
Q

what color stain is acidophilic/eosinophilic and basophilic?

A 
acid= red
basic= blue
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13
Q

what are the 3 basic constituents of a cell?

A

cytosol (hyaloplasm)
organelles (cell organelles)
cell inclusions (paraplasm)

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14
Q

what is haloplasm?

A

basic structureless cytoplasm

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15
Q

what are 8 cell organelles?

A 
nucleus
mitochondria
Golgi
ribosomes
ER
lysosomes
cytoskeleton
proteasomes
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16
Q

what are 5 components of the cytoskeleton?

A

centriole
microtubules
actin and myosin filaments
intermediate filaments

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17
Q

what is another term for cell inclusions and what are 5 types?

A 
paraplasm
secretory granules,
glycogen,
lipid droplets, 
crystaloids,
pigments
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18
Q

what are 3 pigments?

A

melanin
lipofuscin
lutein

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19
Q

what color is chromatin and what are two types?

A

basophilic
heterochromatin (inactive)
euchromatin (active)

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20
Q

what does the nuclear envelope attach to and what do nuclear pores allow passage of?

A

connects to RER

passage of RNA, proteins into the cytoplasm

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21
Q

what are the 4 most euchromatic cells?

A

neurons
hepatocytes (liver cells)
pancreatic acinar cells
sertoli cells

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22
Q

what are 2 characteristics of neurons?

A

large, very pale and round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus

23
Q

how to mitochondria replicate, what is the structure of their DNA, what are 2 characteristics of the organelle and what type of microscope can;t it be seen under?

A

self-replicating
circular DNA
double membrane-enclosed organelle with cristae
lot visible under LM in ordinary staining

24
Q

what are 3 roles of the mitochondria?

A 
ATP generation
Cell death (necrosis & apoptosis)
25
Q

how is the mitochondria involved in apoptosis?

A

release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

26
Q

what are 3 functions of smooth ER?

A

lipid biosynthesis
detoxification
sequestration of Ca ions

27
Q

what are 4 functions of rough ER?

A

segregate proteins not destined to the cytoplasm
glycosylation of glycoproteins
synthesis of phospholipids
assembly of multichain proteins

28
Q

what is a characteristic of the Golgi?

A

collection of membrane-bound flattened sacs (cisternae)

29
Q

what are 3 functions of the Golgi?

A

sorting
packing
delivery

30
Q

what are lysosomes, what do they contain, what are they associated with (2), and what are they involved in?

A

secretory vesicles/granules
contain hydrolytic enzymes
associated with phagocytosis, pinocytosis
involved in intracellular digestion

31
Q

what are proteasomes, and what do they require?

A

small enzymatic complexes for intracellular digestion

requires a protein= ubiquitin

32
Q

what are proteasomes primary function?

A

recycling AA from endogenous proteins

33
Q

what do peroxicomes contain and what is their role?

A

contrin the enzyme catalase which can degrade intracellular hydrogen peroxide
degrade toxic molecules and some prescription drugs

34
Q

what are two types of microfilaments and one type of intermediate filament?

A

actin and myosin

keratin

35
Q

what are microtubules, and what is their role (4)

A

hollow thin tubules
move organelles, vesicles, ribosomes
form mitotic spindle
maintain shape of avian RBCs and platelets
part of centrioles, cilia and sperm flagella

36
Q

what are 5 types of intermediate filaments?

A 
tonofilaments
vimentin
desmin
neurofilaments
glial filaments
37
Q

what is another name for tonofilaments, where are they found and what are 2 examples?

A

cytokeratins
epithelium
both keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia

38
Q

where are vimentin filaments found and what are 6 examples?

A 
mesenchymal cells
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts
macrophages
endothelial cells
vascular smooth muscle cells
39
Q

where are desmin filaments found and what are 2 examples?

A

muscle

striated and smooth muscle

40
Q

where are neurofilaments found and what is an examoke?

A

neurons

most neurons

41
Q

where are glial filaments found and what is an example?

A

astrocytes

42
Q

where are microtubules found and what is a characteristic of it?

A

cells that have cilia

9 doublets and 2 singlets

43
Q

what are 3 types of inclusions?

A

pigments
glycogen
lipid

44
Q

what are 4 types of pigments and what color are they?

A

melanin- black
lipofuscin- brown
lutein- yellow
hemosiderin

45
Q

where is glycogen found (3)?

A

liver
muscle
neurons

46
Q

where are lipid droplets found? (2)

A

white and brown adipose tissue

47
Q

what are 3 types of surface specializations?

A

microvilli
cilia (kinocilia)
stereocilia

48
Q

what are 3 characteristics of microvili, what is their role, where are they found, what two microscopes are used to view them and what do they form?

A

vary small, absorptive, immotile
increase surface area= absorptive capacity
kidneys & intestines
EM & LM
form a brush/striated border when viewed with the LM

49
Q

what are cilia, what are 2 characteristics compared to microvilli and what do they come from?

A

motile projections
longer but less numerous than microvilli
come from basal bodies (= modified single centrioles)

50
Q

what are 2 characteristics of stereocilia, what are they considered and where are they located (2)?

A

nonmotile projections, absorptive
considered large microvilli
locate din inner ear and reproductive tract

51
Q

what are 7 different cell shapes?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, spindle, sylindrical, multipolar, round

52
Q

what are 3 nuclear shapes?

A

round
elongated
polymorphonuclear

53
Q

what are 3 different nuclear positions?

A

central
eccentric/hypolemmal
apical vs basal

Semester 1 (3 decks)

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