PIA Flashcards
What are the zones of the panoramic imaging assessment?
Zone 1 - Nose and sinuses
Zone 2 - Md Body
Zone 3 - Articular Eminence, Condyle, Mx Tuberosities, Pterygo Mx
Fissures, EAM, Cervical Spine
Zone 4 - Epiglottis
Zone 5 - Md Ramus and Spine
Zone 6 - Dentition
What are some of the pre-requisites for health according to the Ottawa Charter?
- Peace
- Shelter
- Education
- Food
- Income
- A stable exosystem
- Sustainable resources
- Social justice and equity
What are some of the action areas of health promotion according to Ottawa charter?
- Build healthy public policy - think sugar tax
- Create supportive environments - think ban of sugary foods in schools
- Strengthen community action - support your local dental programs such as the indigenous oral health unit
- Develop personal skills - raising awareness with patients
- Reorient health services - focus on both high risk and popuation approach
How do you write a diagnostic statement for periodontist modified by diabetes?
- Type of periodontal disease
- Disease extent
- Stage
- Grade
- Current disease status
- Risk factor profile
E.g.
Periodontitis: generalized (65%), Stage III (CAL <10 mm), Grade C (HbA1c 8.9%), currently unstable (PPD <8mm, BOP 45%).
Risk factors: uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c 8.9%), smoking 20 cig/day, high strss levels (change in work)
What are the criteria to assess alginate impresion?
- Alginate mix is homogenous and smooth - is it mixed well, is it too runny
- Tray appropriate size - are all teeth included and past the tuberocity area
- Alginate has had adequate time to be inserted into the mouth, seated onto the teeth and set prior to removal - is it seated on teeth correctly, has it set, has the material flown past the CEJ
- Adequate amount of alginate in tray and the treay has been seated and muscled trimmed correctly - has muscle been trimmed, have the tongue been placed properly
- Tray has been removed correctly
What are the basic drugs and equipment that should be available at every dental practice required by law?
Drugs:
1. Oxygen
2. Adrenaline
3. Glucose
4. Bronchodilator
5. Aspirin
6. Hydrocortisone
Equipment:
1. Blood pressure monitor
2. Glucose monitor
3. Pulse oximeter
4. Automated external defibrillators
5. Laryngeal airways
What is syncope, what’s it’s causes and how do we manage it?
Syncope - transient self-limiting loss of consciousness. The onset is rapid and spontaneous and complete. Has presyncope phase of light-headed, nauseated, anxious and pale.
The underlying mechanism - cerebral hypoperfusion - i.e. low oxygen levels
Causes:
Vasovagal
Orthostatic
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac disease
Managmenet:
- Stop treatment
- Lie the patient down
- Support airway by removing all object for the mouth
- Measure the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate
- If the patient does not regain consciousness - call 000 begin DRSABCD
What is the protocol of action if you suspect the patient having coronary ischaemia syndromes in chair?
- Stop treatment
- Measure: blood pressure, heart rate and pulse oximetry
- Assess consciousness
- To relieve symptoms use glyceryl as instructed, call the registered nurse
If patient reports pain to be THE WORST EVER DO:
1. Call 000
2. Give glyceryl to a patient with previous history of angina
3. Give aspiring 300 mg orally
4. Measure: blood pressure, heart rate and pulse oximetry
5. Start supplemental oxygen - call registered nurse
6. Provide reassurance
7. If patient loses consciousness - start DRSABCD protocol
What is cardiac arrest, what are signs and causes, what is the management of the patient?
Cardiac arrest is the stop of heart function.
Signs: no pulse, loss of consciousnes and respiration
Causes: ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole
Managment:
1. Stop dental treatment
2. Call 000
3. DRSABCD
What is the management of mild or moderate asthma?
- 4 puffs of slabutamol inhaler, 1 puff at a time, shaken before each puff
- Ask the patient to take 4 breaths in and out of the spacer after each puff
- Wait 4 minutes
- If no imporvement - repeate
- If no improvement again - define this as a sever or life-threatening attack
What is the management of sever or life threatening asthma attack?
- Call 000
- Start oxygen and airway support
- Salbutamol - 12 puffs for 6+ years, 6 puffs for less than 6 year olds
- 1 puff at a time, 4 breaths in between
- When waiting for help - perform the protocol every 20 minutes
- If patient is worsening - continuously administer salbutamol
What are the signs of partial airway obstruction?
- Wheeze
- Stridor (noisy inspiration
- Laboured breathing
- Coughing spasms
- Cyanosis
What are the signs of complete obstruction of the airways?
- Inability to breath, speak, cry or cough
- Agitation, gripping of the throat
- Cyanosis
- Bulging of the neck veins
- rapid development of respiratory failure
- Loss of consciousness
What are the steps of management if the patient is conscious with signs of airway obstruction?
- Call 000
- Reassure the patient and ask them to relax, breete deeply and try to dislodge the object by coughing
- If coughing is ineffective - give upto 5 back blows between the shoulder blades - check between each hit
- If the back blows dont work, do 5 chest thrust similar to CPR
- Continue until assistance arrives
What are the steps of management if the patient is unconscious with signs of airway obstruction?
- Call 000
- Inspect the back of the throat for foreign object
- Start DRSABCD
- Consider performing cricothyroidotomy
- DO NOT DO THE HEIMLICH MANOEURVE
What is the management of seizures?
If history of epilepsy or seisures is present - please use a bite block on the patient
- Stop dental treatment
- Ensure patient is not in danger
- Turn the patient to the side
- Avoid restrainning
- Wait until seizure stops
- Maintain airways
- Assess the patient
- If still unconscious, call 000 and maintain airways
What to do if you given the patient a partial paralysis of priocular muscles because of the injection intro the parotid plexus?
- Stop administratioe patchn of local anaesthetic
- Explain what happened
- Tell the patient to not rub their eye
- Close the eye with an eye patch
- Keep the patient under observation until the ability to blink starts to return
- Advise patient not to drive
- Phone the patient in 12 hours and make sure the issue resolved - if not refer for extra medical care
How to manage a person with hypoglycaemia?
- Stop dental treatment
- Give 15 g of glucose or a similar drink or food
- Measure blood glucose - if does not return to normal - repeat the dose
- If after 3 doses normal blood sugar not returned - call for help
- If unconscious call 000 than DRSABCD
How to manage a person with hyperglycaemia?
Call 000
When does an addisonian crisis occur and how to manage it?
Usually occurs in patient with hyperthyroidism or use of corticosteroids 6-12 hours after surgica; stress
Managment:
1. Call 000
2. Give hydrocortisone 200 mg
3. Think about GIVING MORE STEROID BEFORE PROCEDURES
What is step by step management of mild urticaria or angiodema?
- Stop dental treatment
- Remove or stop administration of the allergen
- Recommend oral anti-histamine
What is the step by step management of a patient with anaphylaxis?
- Stop dental treatment
- Remove or stop administration of the allergen
- Lie patient flat
- Give an intramuscular injection of adrenaline
- Call 000
- Start supplemental oxygen and airway support if needed
- DRABCD
- Repeat adrenaline every 5 minutes
What are some of the important information that needs to be considered when treating a patient with ischaemic heart disease (myocardial infraction)?
- Need to reduce the stress and anxiety
- Patient taking none selective beta blockers - need to consider the amount of epinephrine injected
- Patient taking aspirin may have excessive bleeding
- Patient who had coronary artery bypass graft may require antibiotics
- Patient may have some degree of heart failure
- If patient has a pacemaker, some dental equipment may potentially cause electromagnetic interference
Remember of having INR of less than 3.5 and speak to the cardiologist
What are some of the important information that needs to be considered when treating a patient with COPD?
- Avoid treating if upper respiratory infection is present
- Treat in upright chair position
- Avoid rubber dam in sever disease
- Use pulse oximetry in severe disease
- Avoid nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation with sever COPD - in order to not reduce the respiratory drive
- Avoid using narcoticts - in order to not reduce the respiratory drive
- Consider using steroids before the appoitment
What medicament would you use for a child’s pulpotomy in student clinic?
Ferric sulphate
What are 2 factors affecting reduced vaccination in low-income countries?
-lack of access,funding and opportunity
-low education,distrust of authority and discrimimation towards minority groups
-virus> more mutations + variants in low income countries
-reduced efficacy of vaccines
What is the role of sodium alginate in alginate material?
Sodium alginate forms a hydrogel former
What is the role of calcium sulphate dihydrate in alginate material?
It provide clcium ions
What is the role of sodium phosphate in alginate material?
It controls working time - acts as a retarder of the rapid use of calcium within the reaction
What is the cartilage theory of craniofacial growth?
This theory was popularized by Scott in 1950s and states that cartilage determines the craniofacial growth. Proponents of this theory state that cartilage is responsible for the growth and bone just replaced it.
What is the functional matrix theory of craniofacial growth?
The functional matrix hypothesis was popularized by Melvin Moss in 1962. This theory said that neither bone nor cartilage is a major determinant of growth but soft tissue is. His view stated that as soft tissues around the jaw and face grow, bone and cartilage follow the growth of these soft tissues.
What type of bones are present in the cranial vault?
Flat membranous bones with suture in between. Osteogenesis occurs in the ossification centres + sutures. The cause of increase area of bones occurs due to brain growth. The out cortical plate usually deposits and inner cortical plate resorts.
What are the factors that facilitate dental arch allignment?
- Use of interdental, primate and leeway spaces
- Increased inter-canine width; mainly due to transverse growth
- Proclined eruption of permanent incisors, forming a wider arch & increases dental arch length
- Appositional growth of alveolar processes in 3 planes
- Appropriate size of apical base and teeth
From which branchial arch does the mandible originate?
1st Branchial arch.
How do we define cases of gingivitis in a reduced periodontium without history of periodontitis?
Localized gingivitis: Probing attachment loss – Yes, Radiographic bone loss – Possible, Probing depth all sites – less than 3mm, BOP score – between 10% to 30%
Generalised gingivitis: Probing attachment loss – Yes, Radiographic bone loss – Possible, Probing depth all sites – less than 3 mm, BOP score – above 30%
How do we right diagnostic statement for gingivitis?
- Extend - localised of generalised
- Disease - gingivitis
- Specification - biofilm induced, mediated by pregnancy or leukaemia
What is the unit of absorbed radiation?
It is called a Gray (Gy) or a Jkg-1
What type of biopsy would you use to confirm an ameloblastoma?
Incisional biopsy
What is the type of biopsy would you use to confirm of radicular cyst?
Fine needle aspiration
What is the H band?
It is a zone of thick filaments that is not actin
What is the I zone?
It is a zone of no myosin fillaments.
What nerve exerts pressure to anterior palate?
Nasopalatine
What nerve innorvates gingiva of mandibular canine?
Incisive branch of IAN
What are the 3 elements of autoclave sterilisation?
Moist hear in the form of saturated steam under pressure in an air tigh vessel.
Heat, steam, pressure and air tight vessel.
What type of cyst can be between 11 and 21?
- Nasopalatine cyst - mostlikely
- Nasolabial cyst
- Pariapical granuloma
- Apical periodontitis
How do you help a pregnant patient with gingivitis?
- Educate the patient about the diagnosis, peform debridmenet and provide OHI
- Use soft bristle tooth brush along gingival margins using modified Bass technique
- Use CHx for 2 weeks
What do you consider before extracting a tooth from a patient with diabetets?
- Pre-operative and post operative moutrinse with CHx to reduce bacteria number to reduce infection post extraction
- Minimise truama during extraction
- Ue longer lasting LA
- Good haemostatic control like cotton pellets
- Prescription of analgesics
- Post operative instructions: don’t drink hot liquids, don’t rinse after extraction, don’t smoke
- NEXT WEEK FOLLOW UP APPOINTMENT
What are some of the systematic considerations for a patient with diabetets?
- Consider multidisciplinery care with GP and oral surgeon
- Stock dental practice and train personal for hypolglycemic/hyperglycemic situations
- Consider oral consequences of diabetes: poor healing, increased infection rate, increase xerostomia
- Risk of periodontitis
- Consider early appoitments
- Remember - these patient are immunosupressed
What is the mechanism of warfarin?
- Competitively inhibits and blocks COX 2 enzymes
- This affects platelet thromboxane A2 activity which inhibits platelet activation
- Thus - reduction in clotting
Why can’t you take codeine and alcohol together?
Codeine can not be taken with alcohol.
Codein acts on the central nervous system together with alcohol.
This increases sedation.
Also alcohol inhibits metabolism of codeine so that increases blood concentration of codeine metabolites to cause overdose.
Who should avoid fluconazole?
- People who take warfarin - due to increased risk of bleeding
- Pregnant ladies - it is a Category C drugs due to risk f foetal damage, decrease growtha dn development of the feutus, potential risk of miscarriage
What is the point of using 20% polyacrylic acid?
To remove smere layer to facilitate ion exchange
What is the purpose of RMGIC liner?
- Fluoride release to remineralised dentine
- Chemically sealing dentina tubules for pulp protection
What is the purpose of putting resin in less than 2mm increments?
- Reducing C factor and hence minimise polymerisation shrinkage
- Allow for pappropriate polymerisation
What can a tooth be asymptomatic even if caries that is deep?
Hypermineralised/sclerotic dentine formed in response to caries
What are the differences between infected and affected dentine?
Infected dentine:
1. Demineralised and stained
2. Collagen framework denatured and collapsed
3. Bacteria present
Affect dentine:
1. Collagen framework intact
2. Dentine transperent and demineralised
3. There is no bacteria present
What are the two patient centered reasons to do open disclosure?
- It is part of legal requirements
- It respects patient autonomy
- Helps patient ot build trust in the dentla porfession
What does LA do?
It is an hibitor that reduces the influx of sodium particles into the nerves thus stopping the genertion of action potential
Acid changes from 5.5 to 4.5, name two chemical changes that occur when this happens in the presence of fluoride?
- Demineralisation of hydroxyapatite - and uptake of fluoride by demineralised dentine and enamel to form flurapatite
- Formation of calcium fluoride and it could act as a slow releasing fluoride reservoirs
Why does LA not work in infections?
- Infection or inflammation in the region causes pH to drop
- Concentration of the unionised (lipophilic RN) decreases
- Areas of inflammation also jave increase blood supply due to vasodialation - thus increase LA washout
What causes Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What are the 2 symptoms of Tuberculosis?
- Coughing with blood or mucus
- Chest pain
What are the first 2 things you need to do in order to manage a patient you suspect has tuberculosis?
- Initiate transmission based precautions
- Patient placed in an area away from other patients
Why does organic matter like blood and saliva affect sterilisation?
- It interference with actions of disinfectants
- Disinfectant ability to penetrate down to the object’s surface and provide thorough disinfection
What bacteria is associated with caries?
S. mutans
What bacteria is associated with shift from health to perio?
P. Gingivalis
What are commensal bacteria?
Those type of microbes that reside on either surface of the body or at mucosa without harming human health.
What is the name of the virulence mechanism produced by P. Gingivalis?
Lipopolyshecheraide and gingipans
What are the two different PCC techniques you can use to present bad news?
PREPARED:
1. Prepare for discussion
2. Relate to the person
3. Explore priorities
4. Provide information
5. Acknowldege emotions and concerns
6. Foster realistic hope
7. Encourage questions
8. Document
TRIM:
1. Timing - correct amount and type of info - chunk the information
- Relevance - what will help the patient connect to this info? - relate to patients perspective
- Involvement - How can patient contribute? - offer suggestions and choices rather than directives
- Method - Help patient understand and recall? - use visual methods of conveying - PANFLETS
SPIKES
Setting - Find a quite and private setting
Perception - Estabslih how much the patient knows and his or her perceptions abut the medical situation
Invitation or information - Ask the patient and significant other how much and what kind of information will be helpful
Knowledge - Share bade news with the patient using gentle, nonclinical language is small segments
Empathy - Acknowledge the patient’s emotions and reaction with appropriate responses
Summarise and strategise - summarise in language that the patient can understand. Ask the patient to repeat or summarise the information received and the next steps
How do you deal with an upset patient?
- Show empathy to neutralise the situation
- Present the factual information again
- Tell the patient that it is within their right not to do anything about the situation or seek another opinion - empower the patient
What are the steps to occlusal analysis?
1.Teeth present/missing
2.Morphology of teeth
3.Wear - mild, moderate, sever
4.Crowding,spacingrotations
5.Axail inclanations
6.Shape of dental arch
7.Cruve of spee and wilsons curve
8.Angle molar classification/canine classification
9.Overbite (%) / overjet (mm)
10.Mediolateral
What are some of the factors that affects growth?
- Gender
- Nutrition
- Socieconomic factorcs
- Exercise and health
- Environemntal factors
- Genetics
What are some of differential diagnosis for a radiolucency in the posterior mandible?
- Dentigerous cyst
- Odontogenic keratocyst
- Ameloblastoma
- Ameloblastic Fibroma
- Odontogenic myxoma
What is the cultural iceberg?
- Behaviors & practices - clothing, greeting, speech
- Atttitudes - levels of fomality - manners or politness
- Core values - good or bad behaviours
What are the levels of a heal impact pyramid?
Top of the pyramid are increased individual efforts
- Counselling & education
- Clinial interventions
- Long-lasting protection interventions
- Changing the contex
- Socioeconomic factors
What are the advantages of low individual effort for the population?
- Widespread effect on nearly all populations across the social spectrum
- Large impact at population levels
- In certain instances - may be able to target health inequalities, though can only apply on legislative level
How can we evaluate risk of periodontal disease progression in the patient?
There dirrent matrix you can use to determine the recall frequency - a common one is the PRA (periodontal risk assessment) and it can be accessed online.
Preio-tools.com seems like the website to go to to find different matrix that may assist you.
Shouldyou probe all the teeth at SPT session
YES of course you should to understand the health of pockets - but you can choose not to do a brand new perio chart unless you find some findings
How to set up a provisional treatment plan for perio?
- Emergency phase - e.g. exo
- Systemic phase - e.g. control systemic diseases
- Initial phase - e.g. testing and debridement
- Surgical phase - regenerative surgery
- Restorative phase - temporary crowns
- Maintenance phase - depending on risk close recall or normal recall
Why are vaccine preventable diseases becoming more common?
- anti vaccination movement
- waning effectiveness of certain vaccines
- pathogen adaptation
- travel to areas where the disease is endemic
What are 6 social factors for vaccine hesitancy?
- distrust of govt
- distrust of medical authorities
- religious reasons/cultural belief differiing
- personal beliefs about the nature of their immunity
- concerns about side effects
- belief that viral diseases are mild and self limiting
- parental use of non medical exemptions to bypass vaccination requirements
What is special about virsuses that prevents us to achieve heard immunity?
Viruses can mutate and evolve to bypass immune systems.
What are mild side effects of vaccines?
1.Pain/swelling at injection site
2. Headache/muscle ache/fever/itching/fatigue
3. Fever induced by cytokines and mounted by own immune response
What can you use as a fixative for immunofluresence?
You CAN NOT USE FORMALIN only use saline or Michel’s transport medium
What are the reasons poorer socioeconomic countries uptake vaccines?
- Inadequent allocation of efficient vaccines
- Negative historical experience involving foreign actors/foreign companies
- Different cultural and religious beliefs
- Mistrust in governments
- Volatile political situations not allowing for adequate delivery of vaccines
What structure is under number 1?
LHS inferior border of the orbit
What structure in under number 2?
LHS Condyle
What is structure under number 3?
Superimposed over the sinus, malar process
What is structure under number 4?
Pterygo-maxillary fissure
What is the structure number 5?
Condesnsing osteotitis around the 35
What structure is under number 6?
Zygomatic arch
What structure in under number 7?
Ear lobe
What is structure under number 8?
LHS Inferior Alveolar Nerve Canal
What is structure under number 9?
Central Hyoid bone
What is the structure number 10?
RHS Styloid Process
What structure is under number 11?
RHS Maxillary Sinus
What structure in under number 12?
RHS Zygomatic Arch
What is structure under number 13?
Primary image of RHS hard palate
What is structure under number 14?
Secondary image of RHS palate
What is the structure number 15a?
LHS External Acoustic Meatus
What structure is under number 15b?
Genial tubuciles
What structure in under number 16?
Mandibular notch/oro-pheryngeal space
What is structure under number 17?
Nasal septum
What is structure under number 18?
Infra-orbital fissure
What is structure under number 19?
Nasal cavity/sinus
What is structure under number 20?
RHS Maxillary tuberosity
How to maintain staff safety during the OPG?
- Distance
- Position
- SHielding
How do we identify secondary images?
- They are blurred and put of focus
- They have the same orientation as the primary image
- They are larger than primary image
- They are higher up and on the opposite side
How to examine the entire panoramic images?
- Examine for quality of the image first - check image sharpness, contrast and density
- Examine the image for patient preperation and positioning
- Examine the image fro diagnostic purposes - are structure examined well displayed?
What happens if we have 2 clicks - equally spaced on the opening-closing process?
This could due to a deviation in form - a condylar or eminence bulge!
What happens if we have 2 clicks - not equally spaced on the opening-closing process?
This could be as a result of anterior disc displacement - could be due to discal ligament being loose
What is parafunction in terms of the TMJ activity?
It is a day and night time, non-functional, masticatory muscle activity
What thing associated with clenching in sleep the most?
Changes in life or stress
What are some of the consequences of night time clenching?
- Tooth wear, pain and tooth mobility
- Soft tissue damage
- Myogenous dysfunction
- Arthrogenous dysfunction
What cause articular disc displacement?
- Natural variation
- Macro/microtrauma
3.Increased friction
What happens to the condyle and fossa during wear?
Both fossa and condyle may loose their most superficial layer of bone tissue during parafunctional wear.
Both have stem cells that may be used to re-generate the tissue but condyle has more stem cells thus it has a greater ability to regenerate.
What are the six features are wrong with this OPG and what are the error on effect on final image?
- Unnecessary artefacts i.e. the glasses - Results in unnecessary object being presented on the DPR, the glasses
- Patient positioned forward - Anterior teeth blury and too small - spine sen on the film
- Failure to position the tongue against the palate - large, dark, shadow over the maxillary teeth between palate and dorsum of tongue
- Head is tilted to the side in the horizontal direction - condyles are not equal in height, nasal structure is distorted
- Head is turned to one side - seems like the RHS was closer to the detector than LHS - resulting in LHS ramus appearing larger
- Exposure factors have not been selected properly - the image appears to be blur overall
- Chin down - the V shape - joker brain
- Chin up - fraun
What are the standard precautions?
- Hand hygine, as consistent with the 5 moments for hand hygiene
- The use of appropriate personal protective equipment
- The safe use and disposal of sharps
- Routine environment cleaning
- Reprocessing of reusable medical equipment and instruments
- Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
- Aseptic technique (the dirty and clena areas)
- Waste management
What are the 5 moments for Hand Hygiene?
- Before touching a patient
- Before a procedure
- After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk
- After touching a patient
- After touching a patient’s surrounding
What are the 4 steps of buccal stage?
- Compression of the bolus against hard palate
- Retraction of the tongue forces bolus into the oropharynx
- Elevation of the soft palate seals off the oropharynx
- Once bolus enters the oropharynx, reflex response are initiated and the bolus is moved towards the stomach
What are the 4 steps of pharyngeal stage?
- Tactile receptors on palatal arches & uvula are stimulated
- Pattern of muscle contraction in the pharyngeal muscles is triggered by th swallowing center in the medulla
- Elevation of the larynx & folding of the epiglottis results from contractions of the pharyngeal muscles
- Pharyngeal constrictors then force the bolus thru the pharynx, past closed glottis and into oesophagus
What are the the consequences of cleft lip and palate on the swallowing phases?
In order to create suctioning for the nipple - there needs to be a seal of the nasopharynx throught he elevation of the of soft palate.
As cleft lip and palate affects the buccal phase and no adequate elevation elavationa dn seal of nasopharynx could occur - this hinders the pharyngeal phase causing choking and could lead to problems with bacterial infections
What are 6 commercial products you could use for a patient with sensativity? How do they work
Sensodyne Rapid relief- stannous fluoride; forms a metal precipitate to occlude dentinal tubules
Sensodyne Daily Care,Sensodyne Pronamel- potassium nitrate, desensitises nerves
Sensodyne Repair and Protect- contains Novamin, occludes dentinal tubules
Oral B Pro Health- contains stannous fluoride which forms a metal precipitate to occlude dentinal tubules
Colgate Pro Relief- contains stannous fluoride which forms a metal precipitate to occlude dentinal tubules
Duraphat/Clinpro- contains resin base and fluoride protector polyurethane; forms insoluble Ca f2 globules after application
What is the 4A’s framework?
Ask, assess, acknowledge and address that can be used to adress a patient with dental anxiety
What is ALARA?
It stand for as low as reasonably possible - which is a concept used in radiography in order to reduce radiation exposure for both the operator and patient.
1.Keep your distance
2.Shield
3.Do not take unnecessary radiographs
What is the needle stick inury protocol in dental emergencies?
- Stop
- Place needle/sharp aside
- Take off gloves
- Wash hands with soap and water
- Dry and cover with non-stick dressing
- Apply pressure if bleeding
- Let tutor know
- Contact SADS registered nurse for risk assessment
- Write up incident report - SLS
What is the importance of RN in local anaesthetic?
The uncharged RN molecules, represent the number of molecules that can pass through the phospho-lipid bi-layer as they are water soluble. Turns to RNH+ which actually bind to sodium channel.
How do you determine a kids dental age
- First molar is out - above aorund 5.5 -6
- Central incisors out - 6-8
- Lateral out - above 8
- First premolar out - above 10
- Canine is not out - below 11
