PhysRehab Ch. 5: Cognition

Question 1

the ability to comprehend and to adjust oneself with regard to time, location, and identity of persons.

Answer 1

Orientation

Question 2

Directing of consciousness to a person, thing, perception, or thought. It is dependent on the ca- pacity of the brain to process information from the environment or from long-term memory

Answer 2

Attention

Question 3

An individual with intact (type of attention) attention is able to screen and process relevant sensory information about both the task and the environment while screening out irrelevant information.

Answer 3

selective

Question 4

Selective attention can be examined by asking the patient to attend to a particular task.

Answer 4

For example, the therapist asks the patient to repeat a short list of numbers forward or backward (digit span test). The therapist documents the number of digits the patients is able to recall. Normally individuals can recall seven forward and five backward numbers.

Question 5

(Type of attention) [or vigilance] is examined by determining how long the patient is able to maintain attention on a particular task (time on task)

Answer 5

Sustained attention

Question 6

Requesting the patient to perform two tasks simultaneously is used to determine _______ attention.

Answer 6

For example, the patient talks while walking (Walkie– Talkie Test), or walks while locating an object placed to the side (simulated grocery shopping).

Question 7

Orientation should include…

Answer 7

time, person, place, circumstance

Question 8

________ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts, past events, experiences, and places.

Answer 8

Declarative (explicit)

Question 9

__________ memory involves recall of movements or motor information and storage of motor programs, subroutines, or schema as well as perceptual and cogni- tive skills

Answer 9

Motor memory (procedural memory)

Question 10

Patients with brain injury and deficits in the medial temporal lobe areas and hippocampus demonstrate profound deficits in ________ memory while they may retain implicit memory, which is more broadly dis- tributed in the CNS motor areas

Answer 10

explicit

Question 11

________ memory (immediate recall) refers to the immediate registration and recall of information after an interval of a few seconds (e.g., repeat after me)

Answer 11

Immediate

Question 12

______-_______ (recent memory) refers to the capability to remember current, day-to-day events (e.g., what was eaten for breakfast, date), learn new material, and re- trieve material after an interval of minutes, hours, or days

Answer 12

Short-term memory (STM)

Question 13

_______=________(remote memory) refers to the recall of facts or events that occurred years before (e.g., birthdays, anniversary, historic facts). It includes items an individual would be expected to know

Answer 13

Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 14

Involves presenting the patient with a short list of words of unrelated objects (e.g., pony, coin, pencil) and asking the patient to repeat those words immediately after presentation (immediate recall) and again 5 minutes after presentation

Answer 14

A simple test for immediate and STM memory involves

Question 15

Determined by having the patient recall events or persons from his or her past (Where were you born? Where did you go to school? Where do/ did you work?). The patient’s fund of general knowledge can also be examined (Who is the president? Who was president during World War II?)

Answer 15

Long term memory

Question 16

partial or total, permanent or transient loss of memory

Answer 16

amnesia

Question 17

refers to the inability to learn new material acquired after a brain insult

Answer 17

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 18

refers to the inability to remember previous learning acquired before the occurrence of a brain insult

Answer 18

Retrograde amnesia

Question 19

Patients in this state typically demonstrate impairments in immediate memory and STM along with confusion, agitation, disorientation, and usually illusions or hallucinations.

Answer 19

delirium (acute confusional state)

Question 20

Patients with this condition demonstrate broad-based memory impairments and learning

Answer 20

dementia

Question 21

Problems with articulation are evidenced by speech errors, such as difficulties with timing, vocal qual- ity, pitch, volume, and breath control

Answer 21

dysarthria

Question 22

Speech that flows smoothly but contains errors, neologisms (nonsense words), misuse of words, and circumlocutions (word substitution) is indicative of…

Answer 22

fluent aphasia (i.e., Wernicke’s aphasia).

The patient typically demonstrates deficits in auditory comprehension with well-articulated speech marked by word substitutions.

Question 23

Speech that is slow and hesitant with limited vocabulary and impaired syntax is indicative of…

Answer 23

nonfluent aphasia (i.e., Broca’s aphasia).

Articulation is labored and word- finding difficulties are apparent.