PhysRehab Ch. 15; Motor Control Ch. 5: Synergy Patterns

Question 1

1. Scapular retraction/elevation or hyperextension
2. Shoulder abduction, external rotation
3. Elbow flexion*
4. Forearm supination
5. Wrist and finger Flexion

Answer 1

Flexion Synergy Components: Upper Limb

Question 2

1. Scapular protraction
2. Shoulder adduction,* internal rotation
3. Elbow extension
4. Forearm pronation*
5. Wrist and finger flexion

Answer 2

Extensor Synergy Components: Upper Limb

Question 3

1. Hip flexion,* abduction, external rotation
2. Knee flexion
3. Ankle dorsiflexion, inversion
4. Toe dorsiflexion

Answer 3

Flexion Synergy Components: Lower Limb

Question 4

1. Hip extension, adduction,* internal rotation
2. Knee extension*
3. Ankle plantarflexion,* inversion
4. Toe plantarflexion

Answer 4

Extension Synergy Components: Lower Limb

Question 5

Refers to the ability to selectively activate a muscle, or limited set of muscles, allowing isolated joint movement.

Answer 5

Individualtion; or fractionization of movement

Question 6

Impaired individuation is characterized by the abnormal coupling between related muscles. Pathology within these systems results in this…

(loss of individuation = negative sign)

Answer 6

—Descending motor system (motor cortex and corticospinal tract)

Question 7

Stereotypical patterns of movement that cannot be changed or adapted to changes in task or environmental demands

Answer 7

Abnormal synergies

—Abnormal synergies are so strongly linked, so that movement outside the fixed pattern is often not possible

Question 8

True or false:

There is a relationship between weakness or spascticity and abnormal movement synergies.

Answer 8

False

There is no relationship between weakness or spascticity and abnormal movement synergies.

Question 9

True or false:

Abnormal synergies result from increased recruitment of brainstem pathways.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Characterized by the simultaneous activation of additional muscles (most often antagonist and agonist) during functional movements and is present in both neurologically intact individuals just learning as skill as well as individuals with neurologic abnormality.

Answer 10

Co-activation

Co-activation may not necessarily be tyhe result of pathology, but represents potentially a primary, perhaps a primitive or unrefined, form of coordination.