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Visceral Diagnosis > physlab lecture 2 > Flashcards

physlab lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

There are ____ rods per ganglion, ____ cones per ganglion

A

60, 2

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2
Q

With light adaptation, Rhodopsin _____

A

breaks down

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3
Q

With dark adaptation, Rhodopsin is ____

A

re-synthesized

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4
Q

_____ is needed to synthesize Rhodopsin

A

Vitamin A

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5
Q

A lack in Vitamin A could result in _____

A

night blindness

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6
Q

Cones have 3 different kinds of _____

A

photopsins

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7
Q

_____ is the mutation of protein of one cone

A

Anomalous trichromate

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8
Q

___ is the complete loss of a cone pigment

A

Dichromate

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9
Q

____ lacks red cones

A

Protanope

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10
Q

______ lacks green cones

A

Deuteranope

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11
Q

_____ lacks blue cones

A

Trianope

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12
Q

_____ all colors look alike

A

Monochromate

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13
Q

_____ is defined as heritable changes in a phenotype in the

absence of alterations of the DNA sequence

A

Epigenetics

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14
Q

_____ = DNA + proteins

A

Chromatin

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15
Q

_____ can change the shape of the DNA making some regions of DNA available for transcription, and some unavailable.

A

Proteins

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16
Q

_____ are proteins that DNA is wrapped around. They can make DNA available or unavailable for transcription.

A

Histones

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17
Q

_____ are proteins that can bind to DNA at promoter and enhancer sites (noncoding DNA regions) and alter the shape of the DNA

A

Transcription factors

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18
Q

Alteration of gene expression causes ______

A

cell differentiation

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19
Q

Many primary messenger molecules such as (3) regulate gene transcription

A

Neuropeptides, Hormones and Cytokines,

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20
Q

Some primary messengers, such as _____ bind directly to transcription regulating proteins (a.k.a. hormone receptors) that bind to regions of DNA called _____.

A

steroid hormones, hormone response elements

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21
Q

Regulation of gene expression by Cyclic AMP messengers regulate phosphorylation of transcription factors by activating ____ that phosphorylate the transcription factors

A

protein kinases

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22
Q

Many growth factors as well as Insulin influence cells by the regulation of phosphorylation by receptors with _____ activity

A

tyrosine kinase

23
Q

_____ = DNA that is not transcribed to RNA

A

Noncoding DNA

24
Q

Noncoding DNA provide sites for the binding of _____

A

transcription factors

25
Q

Noncoding DNA = ____% the human genome

A

90%

26
Q

After binding transcription factors, the noncoding DNA can fold or unfold in various ways that influence the availability of a coding region of ____ for transcription to ____

A

DNA, RNA

27
Q

Noncoding DNA Mutations have been found that increase a person’s risk for developing:
(4)

A

Coronary artery disease
Cancer: prostate, colorectal
Extra fingers and toes
Excessive inflammation

28
Q

_____ of Histone tails and or sequences of DNA can change the physical relationship between the DNA and histone

A

Methylation (CH₃)

29
Q

Methylation can _____ a gene making the gene unavailable for transcription to RNA.

A

“silence”

30
Q

Methylation of ____ permanently silences a gene, but methylation of ____ is reversible

A

DNA, Histone

31
Q

Changes in gene expression: Activating Marks (4)

A

Methylation
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Histone Remodeling Complexes

32
Q

Cancer cells can experience methylation of _____ genes making them unavailable for expression.

A

tumor suppressor

33
Q

____ can bind to complimentary regions of mRNA’s and prevent the mRNA from being translated into protein.

A

Micro RNA’s

34
Q

Hyper methylation of DNA that codes for micro RNA’s which bind to mRNA’s that code for factors that regulate _____.

A

growth

35
Q

Methylation and demethylation occurs continually in the adult brain. It effects formation and retention of _____

A

memory

36
Q

In childhood abuse, more DNA methylation occurs in genes for _____ in the _____

A

ribosomal RNA, hippocampus

37
Q

Boys with high aggressive behavior had decreased _____ blood levels and more methylation of genes coding for _____.

A

cytokine, cytokines

38
Q

Epigenetic events in addiction and depression is ____% genetics : ____% life experience

A

50%, 50%

39
Q

Epigenetics changes can be caused by random environmental events during _____ and ____ development

A

embryonic, fetal

40
Q

Epigenetics changes can also be caused by (2)

A

Drug use

Chronic stress

41
Q

Addiction to cocaine and opiates creates changes in gene expression in the _____

A

Nucleus Accumbens

42
Q

One hour after a single dose of cocaine results in _____ newly activated genes

A

100

43
Q

Chronic cocaine addiction results in decreased activity of _____ genes, keeps genes involved in the pleasure response to cocaine ready for activation

A

deacetylase

44
Q

Chronic cocaine addiction results in decreased activity of _____ genes, decreased ability to turn off gene expression

A

demethylation

45
Q

Depressed mice:
____ genes in the reward center had epigenetic changes with _____ genes - may shut down genes associated with the “feel good” experience

A

2000, 1200 histone methylated

46
Q

Depressed mice respond to _____. Many of the epigenetic changes were reversed by one month of treatment.

A

Imipramine

47
Q

Stress resistant mice had other reward center genes epigenetically altered, some of these genes are known to ____ the activity of the reward center

A

boost

48
Q

High physical contact between rodent mothers and newborn pups resulted in high resilience to _____ as adults

A

stress

49
Q

More active mothers resulted in offspring with a higher hippocampal concentration of _____ receptors

A

Glucocorticoid

50
Q

Increased Glucocorticoid sensitivity created negative feedback to reduce the total amount of Glucocorticoid secreted in response to _____.

A

stress

51
Q

Excessive chronic glucocorticoids causes: (4)

A

Suppressed immune function
Increased risk of Diabetes Mellitus II
Metabolic problems:
Decreased hippocampal size

52
Q

Rodent pups raised by less nurturing mothers had more DNA methylation in the region of the genome regulating _____ and _____ receptors.

A

Glucocorticoid, estrogen

53
Q

Decreased Estrogen receptors may lead to decreased _____ behavior

A

mothering

54
Q

Direct mating of females with depressed male mice resulted in offspring with ____ sensitivity to stress and they were depressed as adults

A

high

normal

Visceral Diagnosis (3 decks)

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