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Yr 3 > Physiology transition > Flashcards

Physiology transition Flashcards

1
Q

respiration is modified by inputs from where

A

pons

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2
Q

respiratory rhythm is generate where

A

medulla

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3
Q

where are central chemoreceptors found

A

near surface of medulla

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4
Q

what do central chemoreceptors respond to

A

concentration of H+ in CSF

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5
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found

A

aortic and carotid bodies

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6
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors do

A

sense tension of CO2, O2 and H+ concentration in blood

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7
Q

where are stretch receptors found

A

bronchi and bronchiole walls

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8
Q

what guards against hyperinflation

A

Hering-Breur reflex

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9
Q

when are J receptors stimulated and what do they do

A

stimulated by Po capillary congestion + oedema, also Po emboli
results in rapid shallow breathing

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10
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A

increase ventilatory rate in response to decrease BP

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11
Q

what is the most potent stimulant of respiration in normal people

A

hypercapnia

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12
Q

when is the hypoxic drive stimulated

A

<8.0kPa PO2

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13
Q

how does hypercapnia generate H+

A

through central chemoreceptors

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14
Q

how is the hypoxic drive stimulated

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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15
Q

how do peripheral chemoreceptors adjust for acidosis

A

addition of non-carbonic acid H+ to blood

stimulation by H+ causes hyperventilation and increased elimination of CO2 (acid)

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16
Q

muscles involved in inspiration

A

diaphragm major - C3/4/5
external intercostals lift ribs and move sternum out
accessory muscles - SCM, scalenus

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17
Q

three pressures involved in gas exchange

A

atmospheric - 760
intra-alveolar - 760
intra-pleural - 756

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18
Q

forces keeping alveoli open

A

transmural pressure gradient
surfactant
alveolar interdependence

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19
Q

forces promoting alveolar collapse

A

elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue fibres

alveolar surface tension

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20
Q

airway resistance equation

A

F = deltaP/R

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21
Q

what is the primary determinant of airway resistance

A

Radius of the airway

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22
Q

para/sympathetic effects on airway

A

para - bronchoconstriction

symp - bronchodilatation

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23
Q

what is compliance

A

measure of effort going into stretching/distending the lungs
less compliant = more work

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24
Q

how much of total energy is usually expended on breathing

A

3%

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25
Q

components of gas exchange

A

alveoli
pulmonary capillaries
interstitial space

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26
Q

what do alveolar walls consist of

A

single layer of flattened Type 1 alveolar cells

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27
Q

O2 partial pressure gradient

A

60mmHg (8kP)

alveoli -> blood

28
Q

CO2 partial pressure gradient

A

6mmHg (0.8kP)

blood -> alveoli

29
Q

what does emphysema/lung collapse cause

A

decreased surface area

30
Q

what does Po fibrosis, oedema, pneumonia cause

A

increased thickness

31
Q

what does PE cause

A

decreased perfusion

32
Q

what is the cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
SV x HR
~5l/min

33
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat

EDV-ESV

34
Q

EDV

A

end diastolic volume
determines preload
determined by venous return to the heart

35
Q

Frank starling mechanism

A

states that increased EDV leads to increased SV

36
Q

what is the effect of heart failure on the frank starling curve?

A

shifts it to the right

37
Q

causes of heart failure

A 
coronary artery disease 
hypertension 
valve disease 
alcohol 
AF 
Idiopathic 
Other
undetermined
38
Q

what is primary determining factor of %Hb saturated with O2

A

PO2

39
Q

how does anaemia effect O2 carrying capacity of blood

A

impairs it

40
Q

consequences of anaemia

A

tissue hypoxia and inability to sustain aerobic metabolism especially during exertion
increased CO
arterial PO2 normal

41
Q

tidal volume

A

air entering/leaving lungs during single breath

500ml

42
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume that can be maximally inspired over and above TV
3000ml

43
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

TV + IRV

3500ml

44
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume that can be actively expired by maximal contraction after resting TV
1000ml

45
Q

Residual volume

A

minimum volume remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

1200ml

46
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume in lungs at end of normal expiration
ERV + RV
2200ml

47
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume that can be moved out during single breath following maximal inspiration
IRV + TV + ERV
4500ml

48
Q

total lung capacity

A

maximum volume of air lungs can hold
VC + RV
5700ml

49
Q

forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1)

A

volume that can be expired during 1st second of expiration in FVC
FEV1% = FEV1/FVC
Normal >75%

50
Q

Obstructive spirometry

A

FVC low or normal
FEV1 low
FEV1/FVC low

51
Q

restrictive spirometry

A

FVC low
FEV1 low
FEV1/FVC normal

52
Q

combination of obstructive/restrictive spirometry

A

FVC low
FEV1 low
FEV1/FVC low

53
Q

small change in pH equals

A

big change in number of H+ ions

54
Q

normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

55
Q

normal PO2

A

9.3-13.3kPa

56
Q

normal PaCO2

A

4.7-6kPa

57
Q

high PaCO2

A

respiratory acidosis

58
Q

low PaCO2

A

respiratory alkalosis

59
Q

how does body compensate for metabolic alkalosis

A

raising PaCO2

hypoventilation

60
Q

how does body compensate for metabolic acidosis

A

lowering PaCO2

hyperventilating

61
Q

normal base excess

A

-2 to +2 mmol/l

62
Q

what is base excess

A

measure of how much base has to be removed or added to the system to correct the pH in standard conditions
measure of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

63
Q

what does -ve base excess suggest

A

metabolic acidosis

64
Q

what does +ve base excess suggest

A

metabolic alkalosis

65
Q

how do kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis

A

creating metabolic alkalosis by retaining bicarbonate

66
Q

how do kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis

A

creating metabolic acidosis by excreting bicarbonate

Yr 3 (8 decks)

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