Physiology Test #2 Flashcards
Draw a pathway from the left visual field to the side and location of the brain it should be on.
- Lateral side of retina goes to occipital lobe on its same hemisphere
- Medial side of retina goes to occipital lobe on opposite hemisphere
Corticotropin Releasing h. (CRH)
Stimulus: Decreased cortisol of stress
Source of secretion: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior Pituitary gland
Goal: stimulate ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Source of secretion: Ant. Pit. gland
Stimulus: Corticotropin h.
Target: Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Source: Adrenal medulla Secretion: Cortisol Stimulus: ACTH Target: All Cells with DNA Effect: Controls metabolism of glucose and catabolism of proteins
Thyrotropin-releasing h. (TRH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Decreased T3 and T4
Target: Ant. Pit. Gland
Effect: Stimulate TSH release
Thyroid stimulating h. (TSH)
Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Increased TRH
Target: Thyroid gland
Effect: Stimulate T3 and T4 secretion
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetra-iodothyronine (T4)
Source: Thyroid gland
Stimulus: Thyroid Stimulating h.
Target: All cells with DNA
*Negative feedback Loop
Gonadotropin- releasing h. (GnRH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Decreased levels of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Testosterone
Target: Anterior Pituitary gland
Effect: Stimulate release of FSH and LH
Follicle stimulating h. (FSH)
Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: GnRH
Target: Gonads
Effect: Gamete production
Luteinizing h. (LH)
Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: GnRH
Target: Follicle in ovary, leydig cells in testes
Effect: Hormone production (male and female)
-Ovulation
Estrogen
Source: Ovary’s follicle, placenta (pregnancy)
Stimulus: FSH
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex characteristic endometrial cell growth
Progesterone
Source: Ovary’s corpus luteum, Placenta (pregnancy)
Stimulus: LH, hCG
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex characteristic, Endometrial vascularization
Testosterone
Source: Testes
Stimulus: LH
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex chatacteristics, Assists with spermatogenesis
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Source: Embryonic cells after fertilization
Stimulus: Embryonic cells
Target: Corpus luteum (Females)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Tonic nerve signal
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Prevent secretion of Prolactin
Prolactin (LTH)
Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Decreases in PIH
Target: Mammary glands and immune system
Effect: Milk production and strengthen immune system
Somatostatin/Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Tonic release
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Inhibit somatotropin production
Growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Melatonin & Sex hormones
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Stimulate somatotropin production
Somatotropin/Growth Hormone
Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Increased GHRH/Decreased GHIH
Target: Skeletal m. and bone
Effect: Growth, increased protein synthesis and glucose metabolism,
Melanocyte stimulating h. (MSH)
Source: Ant. pituitary gland
Stimulus: Sunlight exposure
Target: Melanocytes & others
Effect: Increases Melanin (Pigment production) Increase appetite
Antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin (ADH)
Source: Hypothalamus, distributed from post. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: hypertonic interstitial fluid (lowered osmolality)
Target: Nephrons collecting ducts, vascular smooth muscle tissue
Effect: Reabsorption of pure water, vasoconstriction
Neg. Feedback control: Isotonic blood and interstitial fluid
Oxytocin
Source: Hypothalamus, secreted from Post. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Nerve stimulus from cervix stretch, suckling of baby on nipple
Target: Uterus and mammary glands
Effect: Uterine contractions, milk let down or release
Neg. Feedback control: Birth, stopping nursing
Renin
Source: Juxtaglomerular cells
Stimulus: Decreased Renal blood pressure, flow or Na+
Target: Blood protein, angiotensinogen
Effect: converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensinogen
Source: Liver
Stimulus: continuously released
Target: to be converted to angiotensin I
Effect: none
Angiotensin I
Source: Converted from angiotensinogen
Stimulus: Presences of Renin
Target: Vascular smooth muscle
Effect: Mild vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II
Source: converted from angiotensin I Stimulus: ACE enzymes in lungs Target: -Vascular smooth muscle -adrenal cortex Effect: Strong vasoconstriction stimulates release of aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Source: Adrenal cortex
Stimulus: Angiotensin II
Target: Distal convoluted tubule of Nephron
Effect: Reabsorption of Na+ Cl- & H2O
Erythropoietin
Source: Juxtaglomerular cells Stimulus: Decreased Blood Oxygen Target: Bone marrow stem cells Effect: Increase RBC production Neg FB loop: Increase blood Oxygen
Epinephrine
Source: Adrenal Gland Medulla
Stimulus: Sympathetic N.S. stimulation
Target: Alpha and Beta receptors
Effect: Depends, IPSP or EPSP
Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)
Source: Thyroid Gland Stimulus: High Blood calcium -Growth Hormone -Puberty Target: Osteoclasts -Renal tubules -Intestines Effect: Inhibits osteoclastic activity -Block Ca++ reabsorption -Block Ca++ absorption Negative feedback: decrease Blood Ca++
Parathyroid h. (PTH)
Source: Parathyroid gland Stimulus: Low blood calcium Target: Bone osteoclasts -Renal tubules -Intestines Effect: Increase O.C. activity -Increase Ca++ Reabsorption -Increase Ca++ Absorption Neg. Feedback: Increase Blood Ca++
Insulin
Source: Beta Pancreatic Islet cells Stimulus: High blood glucose Target: Liver -Skeletal muscles Effect: Open glut channels, stimulate lipogenesis Neg. Feedback: Lower blood glucose -Controlled by blood glucose
Glucagon
Source: Alpha pancreatic islet cells Stimulus: Low blood glucose Target: Liver Effect: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis Neg. Feedback: Raise blood glucose
Melatonin
Source: Pineal gland Stimulus: Inhibited by light -Stimulate by dark Target: Brain Effect: Induces sleepiness -Neutralizes free radicals -Circadian cycle
somatomammotropin
Source: Human placenta Stimulus: Presence of a placenta Target: Maturnal Beta islet cells - maternal adipose cells Effect: Decreases insulin secretion -Increase lipolysis
Secretin
Source: Mucosa cells of duodenum
Stimulus: Acidic chyme in Duodenum
Target: Stomach, Pancreas
Effect: Decrease Acid secretion in stomach
-Stimulate bicarbonate secretion from pancreas
Neg. Feedback: Neutralize acid
Enterogastrone (GIP)
Source: Mucosa cells of Duodenum Stimulus: Chyme in duodenum Target: Beta pancreatic islet cells -Inhibit stomach peristalsis Effect: Insulin secretion
Cholecystokinin
Source: Mucosa cells of duodenum
Stimulus: Fatty chyme in duodenum
Target: Gall bladder
Effect: Release bile/digestive enzymes into duodenum
Gastrin
Source: Gamma cells in stomach gastric pits Stimulus: Gastric distention -Vagus nerve reflex Target: Stomach chief cells -Stomach parietal cells Effect: Secrete pepsinogen and HCL
