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American Heritage > Physiology Test #2 > Flashcards

Physiology Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a pathway from the left visual field to the side and location of the brain it should be on.

A
  • Lateral side of retina goes to occipital lobe on its same hemisphere
  • Medial side of retina goes to occipital lobe on opposite hemisphere
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2
Q

Corticotropin Releasing h. (CRH)

A

Stimulus: Decreased cortisol of stress
Source of secretion: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior Pituitary gland
Goal: stimulate ACTH

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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Source of secretion: Ant. Pit. gland
Stimulus: Corticotropin h.
Target: Adrenal Cortex

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4
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

A 
Source: Adrenal medulla
Secretion: Cortisol
Stimulus: ACTH
Target: All Cells with DNA
Effect: Controls metabolism of glucose and catabolism of proteins
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5
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing h. (TRH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Decreased T3 and T4
Target: Ant. Pit. Gland
Effect: Stimulate TSH release

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6
Q

Thyroid stimulating h. (TSH)

A

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Increased TRH
Target: Thyroid gland
Effect: Stimulate T3 and T4 secretion

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7
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetra-iodothyronine (T4)

A

Source: Thyroid gland
Stimulus: Thyroid Stimulating h.
Target: All cells with DNA
*Negative feedback Loop

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8
Q

Gonadotropin- releasing h. (GnRH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Decreased levels of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Testosterone
Target: Anterior Pituitary gland
Effect: Stimulate release of FSH and LH

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9
Q

Follicle stimulating h. (FSH)

A

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: GnRH
Target: Gonads
Effect: Gamete production

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10
Q

Luteinizing h. (LH)

A

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: GnRH
Target: Follicle in ovary, leydig cells in testes
Effect: Hormone production (male and female)
-Ovulation

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11
Q

Estrogen

A

Source: Ovary’s follicle, placenta (pregnancy)
Stimulus: FSH
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex characteristic endometrial cell growth

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

Source: Ovary’s corpus luteum, Placenta (pregnancy)
Stimulus: LH, hCG
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex characteristic, Endometrial vascularization

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13
Q

Testosterone

A

Source: Testes
Stimulus: LH
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex chatacteristics, Assists with spermatogenesis

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14
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Source: Embryonic cells after fertilization
Stimulus: Embryonic cells
Target: Corpus luteum (Females)

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15
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Tonic nerve signal
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Prevent secretion of Prolactin

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16
Q

Prolactin (LTH)

A

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Decreases in PIH
Target: Mammary glands and immune system
Effect: Milk production and strengthen immune system

17
Q

Somatostatin/Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Tonic release
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Inhibit somatotropin production

18
Q

Growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Melatonin & Sex hormones
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Stimulate somatotropin production

19
Q

Somatotropin/Growth Hormone

A

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Increased GHRH/Decreased GHIH
Target: Skeletal m. and bone
Effect: Growth, increased protein synthesis and glucose metabolism,

20
Q

Melanocyte stimulating h. (MSH)

A

Source: Ant. pituitary gland
Stimulus: Sunlight exposure
Target: Melanocytes & others
Effect: Increases Melanin (Pigment production) Increase appetite

21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus, distributed from post. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: hypertonic interstitial fluid (lowered osmolality)
Target: Nephrons collecting ducts, vascular smooth muscle tissue
Effect: Reabsorption of pure water, vasoconstriction
Neg. Feedback control: Isotonic blood and interstitial fluid

22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Source: Hypothalamus, secreted from Post. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Nerve stimulus from cervix stretch, suckling of baby on nipple
Target: Uterus and mammary glands
Effect: Uterine contractions, milk let down or release
Neg. Feedback control: Birth, stopping nursing

23
Q

Renin

A

Source: Juxtaglomerular cells
Stimulus: Decreased Renal blood pressure, flow or Na+
Target: Blood protein, angiotensinogen
Effect: converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

24
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

Source: Liver
Stimulus: continuously released
Target: to be converted to angiotensin I
Effect: none

25
Q

Angiotensin I

A

Source: Converted from angiotensinogen
Stimulus: Presences of Renin
Target: Vascular smooth muscle
Effect: Mild vasoconstriction

26
Q

Angiotensin II

A 
Source: converted from angiotensin I
Stimulus: ACE enzymes in lungs
Target: -Vascular smooth muscle 
-adrenal cortex
Effect: Strong vasoconstriction stimulates release of aldosterone
27
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Source: Adrenal cortex
Stimulus: Angiotensin II
Target: Distal convoluted tubule of Nephron
Effect: Reabsorption of Na+ Cl- & H2O

28
Q

Erythropoietin

A 
Source: Juxtaglomerular cells
Stimulus: Decreased Blood Oxygen
Target: Bone marrow stem cells
Effect: Increase RBC production
Neg FB loop: Increase blood Oxygen
29
Q

Epinephrine

A

Source: Adrenal Gland Medulla
Stimulus: Sympathetic N.S. stimulation
Target: Alpha and Beta receptors
Effect: Depends, IPSP or EPSP

30
Q

Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)

A 
Source: Thyroid Gland
Stimulus: High Blood calcium
-Growth Hormone
-Puberty
Target: Osteoclasts
-Renal tubules
-Intestines
Effect: Inhibits osteoclastic activity
-Block Ca++ reabsorption
-Block Ca++ absorption
Negative feedback: decrease Blood Ca++
31
Q

Parathyroid h. (PTH)

A 
Source: Parathyroid gland
Stimulus: Low blood calcium
Target: Bone osteoclasts
-Renal tubules
-Intestines
Effect: Increase O.C. activity
-Increase Ca++ Reabsorption
-Increase Ca++ Absorption
Neg. Feedback: Increase Blood Ca++
32
Q

Insulin

A 
Source: Beta Pancreatic Islet cells
Stimulus: High blood glucose
Target: Liver
-Skeletal muscles
Effect: Open glut channels, stimulate lipogenesis
Neg. Feedback: Lower blood glucose
-Controlled by blood glucose
33
Q

Glucagon

A 
Source: Alpha pancreatic islet cells
Stimulus: Low blood glucose
Target: Liver
Effect: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Neg. Feedback: Raise blood glucose
34
Q

Melatonin

A 
Source: Pineal gland
Stimulus: Inhibited by light
-Stimulate by dark
Target: Brain
Effect: Induces sleepiness
-Neutralizes free radicals
-Circadian cycle
35
Q

somatomammotropin

A 
Source: Human placenta
Stimulus: Presence of a placenta
Target: Maturnal Beta islet cells
- maternal adipose cells
Effect: Decreases insulin secretion
-Increase lipolysis
36
Q

Secretin

A

Source: Mucosa cells of duodenum
Stimulus: Acidic chyme in Duodenum
Target: Stomach, Pancreas
Effect: Decrease Acid secretion in stomach
-Stimulate bicarbonate secretion from pancreas
Neg. Feedback: Neutralize acid

37
Q

Enterogastrone (GIP)

A 
Source: Mucosa cells of Duodenum
Stimulus: Chyme in duodenum
Target: Beta pancreatic islet cells
-Inhibit stomach peristalsis
Effect: Insulin secretion
38
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Source: Mucosa cells of duodenum
Stimulus: Fatty chyme in duodenum
Target: Gall bladder
Effect: Release bile/digestive enzymes into duodenum

39
Q

Gastrin

A 
Source: Gamma cells in stomach gastric pits
Stimulus: Gastric distention
-Vagus nerve reflex
Target: Stomach chief cells
-Stomach parietal cells
Effect: Secrete pepsinogen and HCL

American Heritage (5 decks)

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