Physiology Term 1 Flashcards
What is action potential
This involves a small part of membranes and does not increase in strongness as they move from their site of initiation along the cell membrane.
What class is voltage - gated Ions
Transmembrane
What does the term homeostasis mean?
Homeostasis is defined as the regulation of conditions in the body such as temperature, water content and carbon dioxide levels.
What does extracellular fluid mean?
is a fluid environment in which the cell is alive and is fluid outside the cells. The two components is plasma and interstitial fluid.
What is the organisation of the human body
Chemicals, cellular, tissue ,organ, body system and organism
What does a muscle tissue does
Provide movement
What does a nerve tissue do
Internal communication
What does a connective tissue do
provides support and protection for the human body
What are the 11 body systems
- Cardiovascular 2. muscular 3. respiratory 4. Renal 5. Digestive system 6. circulatory 7. Immune 8.reproductive 9. endocrine 10.reproductive and the final one nervous system
What is an example of negative feed back loop?
An example is thermoregulation
What is active trasnport?
A movement against a concentration gradient
What are the two types of activation
- primary transport
2. Symport
What is simple diffusion
Simple diffusion is small uncharged nonpolar molecules which use energy to from high concentration to low concentration
What is facilitated diffusion
the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein.
What is examples of simple diffusion
Oxygen
carbon
Urea
What is examples of facilitated diffusion
Carbon, sodium and glucose
What are the three types of transport
- osmosis
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
What is an integral protein
It is a protein which is inserted into the cell membrane
Factors which affect homeostasis
pH
Body temperature
Water levels
What is the job role of proteins
Protein provides help and support for tissues in the body and it also plays a role in mataining growth
What is the job role of proteins
Protein provides help and support for tissues in the body and it also plays a role in mataining growth
What is carbohydrates
Sugar molecules or carbon atom with hydrogen atom combined
What is the role of carbohydrates
- They act as energy
- They control blood metabolism
- Help with fermentation
What is membrane fluid
The plasma membrane is a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
What is the membrane fluid affected by
- Extreme temperature
- Cholesterol levels
- Concentration of unsaturated fats
Define exocytosis
is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid.
Define endocytosis
a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane,
What is osmosis
This is known as a net movement which passes through a membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.
What are vesicles
a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body.
What does polarized means
Charged
What does depolarization means
This term means less charge
What is the synapse?
This is referred as the release of chemical neurotransmitter
What does the synapse allow
This allow synapse integration
What is a motor unit
A motor unit consists of a motor and all the muscles it is linked with
Why are the muscle fibres spreaded out?
They are spreaded out because this can then create a weak connection for the muscles
How does skeletal muscle work
- The action potenitial arrives at the synapse
- An AP is then generated in the muscle
- This creates movement for the muscle
How many phases does the muscle twitch have
3
- Latest period
- period of contraction
- period of relaxation
Force-velocity relationship of muscle
The faster a muscle shortens, the fewer cross bridges it can form within it, reducing the force that each fibre and hence the muscle can produce
What effect does insulin provide
Inulin gives cells and organs permeable to the glucose
What is an disease which causes hyperthyroidism
Grave disease which is a disease overproduction of thyroid activity and then increases enlargement of the thyroid
What is positive feedback?
In positive feedback, the stimulus causes a response, and that response causes a further response in the same direction.
What are the two gases law
Henry and Daltons
What does henry law show or is
How gases move into and out of solution,
concentration of gases are defined as partial pressure
the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
What does Daltons law show
How a gas behaves when it is part of a mixture
The greater the partial pressure of gas in the gas phase, the more gas will enter the liquid phase
At equilibrium, the gas partial pressure in the 2 phases is equal
If the partial pressure of one gas becomes greater in the liquid than the gas phase, some of the dissolved gas will re-enter the gaseous phase
Three factors influence external respiration
- Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
- Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
- Ventilation-perfusion coupling
