Physiology Revision Flashcards
Gastric juice is produced by what?
Gastric glands
Gastric juice in the stomach contains what?
Hydrochloric acid (HCI)
Mucus
Gastric enzymes
What is the pH of the stomach
2 thus acidic
What is the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice?
It kills microbes in food
What is the role of mucus in gastric juice?
Protects the stomach wall from being damaged by the hydrochloric acid
What is the role of gastric enzymes in gastric juice?
Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins thus is a person has a stomach disease or condition the digestion of proteins may be impaired.
How is blood glucose regulated in the body?
Via insulin and glucagon
If you have low blood glucose levels what occurs in the body?
Decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic islets to decrease glucose uptake in the cells
Increased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets to release more glucose to the blood (by the liver)
If you have high blood glucose levels what occurs in the body?
Increased insulin secretion by pancreatic islets to increase glucose uptake in cells.
Decreased glucagon secretion by pancreatic cells to decrease glucose level in the blood (by the liver)
How does the kidney maintain homeostasis?
Regulating blood electrolytes
Regulating blood pH
Regulating blood volume
Regulating blood pressure
Maintaining blood osmolarity
Excreting waste products
Producing hormones
Regulating blood glucose
How does the kidney regulate blood electrolytes?
By secreting excessive ions into the urine
How does the kidney regulate blood pH?
By excreting and conserving H+ or Bicarbonate ions
How does the kidney regulate blood volume?
By conserving or eliminating water
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
By regulating blood volume by RAAS and ANP
How does the kidney maintain blood osmolarity?
By secreting excessive Na+ into the urine
What waste products does the kidney excrete?
Ammonia, urea, and creatine
What hormones do the kidney produce?
EPO, Calcitriol, and produces the enzyme renin which produces angiotensin and aldosterone
What is the central nervous system?
The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of everything else. The central nervous system’s responsibilities include receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information.
What is the peripheral nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system is a network of nerves that runs throughout the head, neck, and body. It carries messages to and from the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)
The peripheral nervous system has two parts, what are they?
The somatic and the autonomic nervous systems
What is the somatic nervous system?
The somatic nervous system controls actions that we do by choice (voluntarily), like walking, eating, or playing an instrument. i.e Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
What is the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system controls processes that happen automatically (involuntarily), like breathing, digestion, sweating, and shivering. - Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands ect
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Your sympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Your parasympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger