Physiology Revision

Question 1

Gastric juice is produced by what?

Answer 1

Gastric glands

Question 2

Gastric juice in the stomach contains what?

Answer 2

Hydrochloric acid (HCI)
Mucus
Gastric enzymes

Question 3

What is the pH of the stomach

Answer 3

2 thus acidic

Question 4

What is the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice?

Answer 4

It kills microbes in food

Question 5

What is the role of mucus in gastric juice?

Answer 5

Protects the stomach wall from being damaged by the hydrochloric acid

Question 6

What is the role of gastric enzymes in gastric juice?

Answer 6

Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins thus is a person has a stomach disease or condition the digestion of proteins may be impaired.

Question 7

How is blood glucose regulated in the body?

Answer 7

Via insulin and glucagon

Question 8

If you have low blood glucose levels what occurs in the body?

Answer 8

Decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic islets to decrease glucose uptake in the cells

Increased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets to release more glucose to the blood (by the liver)

Question 9

If you have high blood glucose levels what occurs in the body?

Answer 9

Increased insulin secretion by pancreatic islets to increase glucose uptake in cells.

Decreased glucagon secretion by pancreatic cells to decrease glucose level in the blood (by the liver)

Question 10

How does the kidney maintain homeostasis?

Answer 10

Regulating blood electrolytes
Regulating blood pH
Regulating blood volume
Regulating blood pressure
Maintaining blood osmolarity
Excreting waste products
Producing hormones
Regulating blood glucose

Question 11

How does the kidney regulate blood electrolytes?

Answer 11

By secreting excessive ions into the urine

Question 12

How does the kidney regulate blood pH?

Answer 12

By excreting and conserving H+ or Bicarbonate ions

Question 13

How does the kidney regulate blood volume?

Answer 13

By conserving or eliminating water

Question 14

How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?

Answer 14

By regulating blood volume by RAAS and ANP

Question 15

How does the kidney maintain blood osmolarity?

Answer 15

By secreting excessive Na+ into the urine

Question 16

What waste products does the kidney excrete?

Answer 16

Ammonia, urea, and creatine

Question 17

What hormones do the kidney produce?

Answer 17

EPO, Calcitriol, and produces the enzyme renin which produces angiotensin and aldosterone

Question 18

What is the central nervous system?

Answer 18

The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of everything else. The central nervous system’s responsibilities include receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information.

Question 19

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 19

The peripheral nervous system is a network of nerves that runs throughout the head, neck, and body. It carries messages to and from the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)

Question 20

The peripheral nervous system has two parts, what are they?

Answer 20

The somatic and the autonomic nervous systems

Question 21

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 21

The somatic nervous system controls actions that we do by choice (voluntarily), like walking, eating, or playing an instrument. i.e Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Question 22

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 22

The autonomic nervous system controls processes that happen automatically (involuntarily), like breathing, digestion, sweating, and shivering. - Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands ect

Question 23

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 23

Your sympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.

Question 24

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 24

Your parasympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger

Question 25

The autonomic nervous system has two parts, what are these?

Answer 25

the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 26

What (primarily) are the stimuli for humans to breathe?

Answer 26

Breathing is triggered by carbon dioxide. Our body needs to get rid of the carbon dioxide present in our body.

Question 27

Where is the respiratory centre?

Answer 27

medulla oblongata - bottom part of the brain where your brain and spinal cord connect

Question 28

Sympathetic fight/flight leads to bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction?

Answer 28

Bronchodilation (fight or flight - to promote more efficient gas exchange)

Question 29

What receptors are involved in the stimuli of breathing?

Answer 29

Pulmonary mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 30

What does the respiratory centre do?

Answer 30

The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing

Question 31

Parasympathetic - rest/digest leads to bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation?

Answer 31

Bronchoconstriction as this oposes the bronchodilation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

What are the main groups of microorganisms?

Answer 32

bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses

Question 33

What are bacteria?

Answer 33

A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.

Question 34

What are normal flora, where are they located and what are their benefis and disadvantages of normal flora?

Answer 34

Normal flora are the microorganisms that live on another living organism without causing disease.

Normal flora is found in all areas of the human body exposed to the environment

The normal flora microorganisms may help the host (by competing with pathogens like Salmonella spp. or by producing nutrients that the host can use), but they may also harm the host (by creating dental caries, abscesses or other infectious diseases)

Question 35

Define infection

Answer 35

A disease caused by microorganisms that invade tissue

Question 36

Define bacteraemia

Answer 36

Bacteremia, in the strictest sense, refers to viable bacteria in the blood

Question 37

Define Septicaemia

Answer 37

blood poisoning, especially that caused by bacteria or their toxins.

Question 38

Define sepsis

Answer 38

a serious condition resulting from the presence of harmful microorganisms in the blood or other tissues and the body’s response to their presence, potentially leading to the malfunctioning of various organs, shock, and death.