Physiology QODs Flashcards
Which of the following cytokines is associated with pyrexia and the acute phase response? A. IL-10. B. IL-6. C. TNF-b. D. IL-3.
B. IL-6.
Which of the following is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecule? A. Interleukin-1. B. Nuclear Factor kappa B. C. Mannisodiase. D. Lipoteichoic acid.
D. Lipoteichoic acid.
Which of the following cell pairs both contain major histocompatibility complex class two (MHCII) molecules on their cell surface? A. Natural killer cells and B cells. B. Macrophages and epithelial cells. C. Dendritic cells and macrophages. D. B cells and Clara cells.
C. Dendritic cells and macrophages.
Select the toll like receptor (TLR) that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the gram negative bacterial wall binds to: A. TLR4. B. TLR9. C. TLR2. D. TLR5.
A. TLR4.
Select the correct pairing of disease and type of hypersensitivity reaction:
A. Pemphigus vulgaris; Type IV.
B. Anaphylaxis following bee sting; Type III.
C. Equine Recurrent Uveitis; Type I.
D. Myasthenia Gravis; Type II.
D. Myasthenia Gravis; Type II.
Interferon gamma is is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoal infections. Which of the following cells produces interferon gamma? A. Neutrophils. B. Natural killer cells. C. Macrophages. D. Plasma cells.
B. Natural killer cells.
Define vital capacity:
A. Amount of air that enters and exits the respiratory tract during normal breathing.
B. Volume of gas remaining in the lung after tidal respiration.
C. Volume of gas remaining after maximal respiration.
D. Exhaled volume following maximal inspiration and expiration.
D. Exhaled volume following maximal inspiration and expiration.
Which of the following structures are part of the conducting airways? A. Respiratory bronchioles. B. Alveolar ducts. C. Terminal bronchioles. D. Alveolar sacs.
C. Terminal bronchioles.
Which of the following substances can be measured in expired gas in order to assess alveolar ventilation? A. CO2 B. O2 C. N D. NO
A. CO2
Transfer of gas across the blood-gas barrier is determined by Fick’s law of diffusion. Which of the following parameters is the rate of gas flow across a tissue inversely proportional to? A. Partial pressure of the gas. B. Tissue area. C. Tissue thickness. D. Gas volume.
C. Tissue thickness.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. At the apex of the lung alveolar pressure is high and hydrostatic pressure in arteries and veins is low.
B. Alveolar pressure is relatively constant in different lung fields. This differs from hydrostatic pressure which increases with vertical distance down the lungs.
C. Hydrostatic pressure is relatively constant in different lung fields. This differs from alveolar pressure which increases with vertical distance down the lungs
D. At the base of the lung alveolar pressures are always higher than circulatory pressures.
B. Alveolar pressure is relatively constant in different lung fields. This differs from hydrostatic pressure which increases with vertical distance down the lungs.
The lung has several extra-pulmonary functions, including alterations of hormone levels in the systemic circulation. Which of the following substances is removed from circulation by the lungs? A. Vasopressin. B. Dopamine. C. PGA2. D. Serotonin.
D. Serotonin.
Which of the following agents induce pulmonary vasodilation? A. Histamine. B. Bradykinin. C. Endothelin. D. Angiotensin II.
B. Bradykinin.
Which of the following conditions would shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left? A. Increased blood pH. B. Increased PCO2. C. Increased temperature. D. Increased concentration of 2,3-DPG.
A. Increased blood pH.
Several causes of hypoxaemia exist in sick animals. Which of the following options correctly matches a disease state and case of hypoxaemia?
A. Shunt; interstitial fibrosis.
B. Hypoventilation; flail chest.
C. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch; Botulism.
D. Diffusion impairment; stenotic nares.
B. Hypoventilation; flail chest.
