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Pharmacology and Patho > Physiology Potpourri > Flashcards

Physiology Potpourri Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A
  • each contains an identical complement of chromosomes

- Each chromosome is one long DNA molecule, and genes re functional regions of this DNA

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

-Organized packages of DNA

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3
Q

DNA

A

-Make up chromosomes

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4
Q

Genes

A

-Functional regions of DNA - inheritance patterns; body processes that may affect genes

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5
Q

Somatic cells

A
  • In the body (23 pairs, 46 chromosomes)
  • diploid: pairs
  • Formed by mitosis
  • Autosomes - homologous pairs
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6
Q

Gametes

A
  • Ovum and sperm - 23 chromosomes (haploid, single)

- formed by meiosis

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7
Q

Chromosomes in a body

A

22 pairs of autosomes (homologous pairs, diploid); 1 par that are sex chromosomes (haploid)
-female xx, male xy

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8
Q

Chemical structure of DNA

A
  • double helix (shape)
  • adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
  • paired together: A-T; C-G
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9
Q

DNA replication

A
  • Mitosis: growth, hyperplasia
  • Helicase: unzipper
  • Polymerase: add complimentary nucleotides (pairs)
  • Mutations: pairs don’t match correctly –> not making correct proteins
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10
Q

Central dogma

A
  • genes direct the synthesis of proteins
  • 2 part process:
    1. transcription: mRNA is synthesized from single stranded DNA template
    2. Translation: mRNA directs synthesis of proteins
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11
Q

Transcription

A
  • mRNA is synthesized from single stranded DNA template
  • similar to replication - U replaces T
  • RNA polymerase: enzyme pairs
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12
Q

Translation

A
  • Ribosomes: reading the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA
  • tRNA: bring the amino acid to the ribosome
  • Occurs in cytoplasm
  • amino acids: building blocks
  • Stop codon: done
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13
Q

Proteins

A
  • Offer structure: provide support for cells/cell membranes/cell walls; example: elastin, collagen
  • Offer immunity (antibody): bind to specific foreign particles (viruses and bacteria) to help protect the body; example: immunoglobulin G
  • Offer enzyme: carry out almost all of the chemical reactions that take place in cells. Assist with replication, transcription, and translation; example: polymerase
  • Function as messengers/communication: transmit signals to coordinate biological processes; example: oxytocin, growth hormone, insulin
  • Transport/Storage: bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body; example: hemoglobin
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14
Q

Modes of Cell signaling

A
  • direct contact via receptors: contact dependent
  • Signal protein moves from one cell to another via interstitial fluid: paracrine, neurotransmitter
  • Signal protein moves from one cell to another via bloodstream: hormonal, neurohormonal (secreting cell is a nerve or neuron and then secretes into bloodstream)
  • Autocrine: cell talking to itself
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15
Q

Three major types of cell surface receptor proteins

A

Ion channel-linked receptor, Enzyme linked receptor, G protein linked receptor

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16
Q

Ligand Gated ion channel

A
  • ligand attaches to ion channel and says “open” and it let’s an ion go through
  • ligand sends message to cell receptor in order to allow another ion to go in the cell
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17
Q

G Protein couple receptor

A
  • “second messenger”
  • best example: opioid receptor
  • Ligand binds to G protein receptor that then activates a G protein –> then it transforms GDP to GTP and then detaches from G protein receptor –> travels to adenylyl cyclase and acts as a second messenger –> regenerates and does it again
18
Q

Enzyme linked (receptor tyrosine kinase) receptor

A

Ligand connects both receptors, pulls together, then effects cell once pulled together (p proteins make the effects of the cell) second messenger
-insulin functions in this way; transmembrane, 2n messenger; growth hormone

19
Q

Signal Transduction

A
  • Activate a receptor on the cell surface
  • Activated cell surface receptor: relays the signal intracellularly, amplifies the signal, results in divergent intracellular responses
20
Q

Intracellular receptor

A

-Can act in cytoplasm, or can even go through the nuclear membrane and act directly in the nucleus

21
Q

W’s and H’s

A

Of Immunity and Inflammation - why where who what how, when

22
Q

Why do we care so much about inflammation?

A
  • Infection
  • Allergies
  • Healing
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Brings all needed fighters and healers to the site of injury
23
Q

Inflammation - why do we care?

A

-Root of: asthma, allergies, bronchitis, COPD, heart disease, IBD, brain and memory, cancer and tumor growth, joint pain

24
Q

Lines of Defense: first line

A
  • First line: physical barriers
  • innate, constant process, epithelial cells, not very specific response, no memory
  • examples: skin and mucous membranes, cells and secretory molecules (mucous, saliva, tears, earwax), cilia, normal flora
25
Q

Second line of defense

A
  • second line: Inflammation
  • general characteristics: non specific, in response to (and usually in proportion to degree of) injury; immediate response; not very specific; no memory
26
Q

Third line of defense

A
  • Third line: adaptive (acquired) immunity
  • Characteristics: delayed response, very specific toward “antigen”; discriminatory & diverse; T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells; specific memory
  • Examples: antigens: infectious diseases, environmental substances;
  • humoral (B cell) - antibodies that attack and activate compliment;
  • Cell mediated (T cells) - activated t cells; are job specific
  • immunizations; immunotherapy
27
Q

Inflammation…

A

Prevents infection and further damage by microorganisms

  • Self limiting through plasma protein systems
  • Interacts with components of adaptive immune system so a more specific response can occur
  • Prepares the area for healing
28
Q

Inflammatory process - First step of inflammation process

A
  • Increased vascular permeability: mast cells release (histamines - vasodilator, itching –> antihistamines; prostaglandins - pain, vasodilation, chemotaxis (calling chemicals) –> ibuprofen, NSAIDs, Tylenol, Aspirin leukotrienes - vasodilation, chemotaxis, leukotriene receptor antagonists)
  • -> vasodilation

–> greater blood volume and hydrostatic pressure = pushes fluid into surrounding tissue

-Vasodilation and greater blood volume creates swelling, redness, warmth

29
Q

Physical findings of inflammation

A

-Tissue damage –> release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors –> vasodilation, increased permeability, neutrophil emigrations –> pain, heat, redness, swelling and potential loss of function

5 CARDINAL SIGNS

30
Q

Emigration of Leukocytes (second step of inflammation process)

A
  • Margination: adherence; stick to wall capillary pavementing
  • Emigration / diapedesis: movement through the capillary wall
  • Chemotaxis: migrate to site
31
Q

Phagocytosis - third step of inflammation

A

-Digestion
-By products - oxygen radicals which cause cell damage
-Pus: collection of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris
-Macrophages: cleaning
Steps: recognition and adherence, engulfment and formation of phagosome, fusion with lysosome to form phagolysosome, destruction and digestion

32
Q

Plasma proteins systems as inflammatory mediators

A

-Compliment
-Kinins
-Coagulation/clotting
SERIES of reactions - sequential

33
Q

Complement system / cascade

A
  • Direct or indirect
  • Activated by: classical pathway (antibodies), alternate pathway (infectious organisms), lectin pathway (other plasma proteins)
34
Q

Complement activation results in:

A
  1. chemotaxis: call - phagocytes attract
  2. Opsonization: tagging - tell destroy me
  3. Direct lysis of pathogens: destroy directly
  4. Degranulation of mast cells: releases prost., histamines, leuko,; vascular perfusion
35
Q

Coagulation/clotting system

A

-Activated by:
1. Extrinsic - tissue injury
2. Intrinsic - abnormal vessel wall & factor XII
3. Components of the kinin system
Responsible for: clot formation; migration of leukocytes; chemotaxis; increased permeability

36
Q

Kinin System

A
  • Works closely with coagulation and clotting
  • Initiated by activation of Factor XII to factor XIIa
  • Bradykinin: end product responsible for vasodilation, vascular permeability, pain
37
Q

End products of ALL 3 SYSTEMS

A
  1. Complement: chemotaxis, opsonization, direct destroy, degranulation mast cells
  2. Clotting: clot, migration leukocyte, chemotaxis, increase permeability
  3. Kinin: vasodilation, vascular permeability, pain
38
Q

Cytokines and Chemokins

A
  • Signaling molecules: cell communication
  • Other names: monokinins, lymphokinins, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
  • Produced by macrophages and T helper cells
  • Involved in communication; telling leukocytes what type of be and differentiation and stimulation
39
Q

Leukocytes - Granulocytes

A
  • Granulocytes:
    1. neutrophils (police) - early responder, Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, phagocytosis, release toxins, bands are immature neutrophils
    2. eosinophils (fumigators) - noted in allergic reactions and parasite infections; regulate inflammatory response
    3. basophils- mast cell; pro inflammatory chemicals; allergic reactions; acute and chronic inflammation; wound healing (firefighters)
40
Q

Mononucelar - Lymphocytes

Monocytes

A
  • B Cells (humoral): able to produce antibodies; have antibody like receptors on their surfaces
  • T cells (Cell mediated): T 4 (CD4) cells “Helper” *HIV/AIDs; T 8 (CD8) cells, killer cells
  • Natural Killer cells - innate immunity; non specific
  1. Monocytes/macrophages: longer living; phagocytosis; secrete cytokines; present antigens to active T cells; clean up (riot police)
41
Q

Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation

A
  • Fever: cytokins - neutrophils and macrophage –> endogenous pyrogens
  • Leukocytosis - increase in circulating WBCs
  • Lab Changes: erythrocyte sedimentation rate –> liver proteins causes RCB aggregation; C reactive protein: opsonization - facilitate phago - increase CRP

Pharmacology and Patho (10 decks)

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