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Principles 2018 > Physiology part 3 > Flashcards

Physiology part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define blood pressure?

A

the outwards (hydrostatic) pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walls

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2
Q

Define systemic systolic arterial blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts

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3
Q

Define systemic diastolic arterial blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxes

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4
Q

Define hypertension?

A

Clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher and day time average of 135/85 mmHg or higher

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5
Q

Define pulse pressure?

A

Is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

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6
Q

What is the normal range of pulse pressure?

A

30 and 50 mmHg

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7
Q

What is MAP?

A

the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart

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8
Q

Why is MAP not the average of systolic and diastolic?

A

Diastolic portion of the cardiac cycle is about twice as long as the Systolic portion of the cardiac cycle

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9
Q

How is MAP calculated?

A

[(2x Diastolic) + Systolic] divided by 3

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10
Q

What is the normal range of MAP?

A

70-105mmHg

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11
Q

What MAP is required to perfuse the brain, heart and kidneys?

A

60mmHg

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12
Q

What is the sensor for negative feedback MAP system?

A

Baroreceptors

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13
Q

What is the control centre for negative feedback MAP system?

A

Medulla

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14
Q

What is the effector for negative feedback MAP system?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the response of the heart to change in MAP?

A

Change in HR, SV

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16
Q

What is the response of the blood vessels to change in MAP?

A

Varying systemic vascular resistance

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17
Q

Where are the baroreceptors?

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic

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18
Q

How do the baroreceptor signals reach the medulla?

A

Carotid- IXth CN

Aortic Xth CN

19
Q

Define baroreceptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors sensitive to stretch

20
Q

What happens to firing rate in baroreceptor afferent neurones in response to increased MAP?

A

Increases

21
Q

What happens to firing rate in baroreceptor afferent neurones in response to decreased MAP?

A

Decreases

22
Q

What is the nucleus tractus solitairius?

A

Site of 1st synapse for all CVS afferents in the medulla

23
Q

What does the medulla do?

A
  1. receives CVS afferent information
  2. Relays information to other regions in the brain e.g. medulla, hypothalamus, cerebellum
  3. Generates vagal (parasympathetic) outflow to the heart- relay to the nucleus ambiguus in the medulla
  4. regulates spinal sympathetic neurones
24
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance?

A

Sum of resistance of all vasculature in the systemic circulation

25
Q

How can MAP be regulated?

A

HR
SV
SVR

26
Q

Define

autorhythmicity

A

Hearts ability to beat in the absence of external stimuli

27
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic division in HR?

A

Accelerates HR

28
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic division in HR?

A

stimulation of the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) slows the heart rate (bradycardia)

29
Q

What acts on B1 receptors?

A

Noradrenaline

30
Q

What acts on muscarinic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

31
Q

When does SV increase?

A

If the contractile strength of the heart is increased

32
Q

What regulates the SV?

A

ANS

33
Q

What nerves innervate the myocardium?

A

Sympathetic nerves

34
Q

What is the intrinsic control of SV?

A

Frank-Starling Mechanism or the Starling’s Law of the Heart

35
Q

What are the Major Resistance Vessels?

A

Arterioles

36
Q

What regulates SVR?

A

vascular smooth muscles

37
Q

What does contraction of vascular smooth muscle cause?

A

vasoconstriction and increases SVR and MAP (i.e. pressure upstream)

38
Q

What does relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cause?

A

vasodilatation and decreases SVR and MAP

39
Q

What supplies VSM and what is the neurotransmitter?

A

SYMPATHETIC nerve fibers. The neurotransmitter is NORADRENALINE acting on alpha receptors

40
Q

Define vasomotor tone?

A

Vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest.

41
Q

What causes vasomotor tone?

A

tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in continuous release of noradrenaline

42
Q

What increases vasomotor tone?

A

Increased sympathetic discharge will increase the vasomotor tone

43
Q

When does baroreceptor firing decrease?

A

if high arterial blood pressure is sustained

Principles 2018 (34 decks)

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