Pathology Part 5 Flashcards by Olivia McNee

What implies a non-malignant lesion?

Round
Smooth edges 
Symmetrical 
Encapsulated- takes a while to form, suggests slow growing
homogenous cut surface

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What implies a malignant lesion?

Irregular
Infiltrative
Destructive
Heterogenous

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What might cause a heterogenous lesion?

Haemorrhage

Necrosis

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What is significant about the N:C ration

Higher N may suggest malignancy

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What else may suggest malignancy?

Pleiomorphism
Hyperchromasia
Active mitosis
Necrosis

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What is the meaning of mesenchymal?

Connective tissue

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What is the meaning of haematopoietic?

White cells

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What are the big taxonomy groups?

Epithelial
Mesanchymal
Haematopoietic
Melanocytic
Brain (glial)

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What kind of tumours are found in the epithelium

Carcinomas

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What kind of tumours contain glandular epithelial cells?

Adenoma vs adenocarcinoma

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What kind of tumours contain squamous epithelial cells?

Papilloma vs SCC

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What kind of tumours are found in the epithelium of the bladder?

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

Sometimes called urothelial cell carcinoma

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What are malignant legions of the connective tissue?

Sarcoma

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What are examples of connective tissues?

Bone, cartilage, peripheral nerves, fat, fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, miscellaneous others

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What are benign tumours of fat called?

Lipoma

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What are malignant tumours of the fat called?

Liposarcoma

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How common is liposarcoma?

Rare

Retroperitoneum, testicular

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What is a benign tumour of the bone called?

Osteoma

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What is a malignant tumour of the bone called?

Osteosarcoma

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What is a benign tumour of the cartilage called?

Endochondroma

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What is a malignant tumour of the cartilage called?

Chondrosarcoma

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What is a benign tumour of the skeletal muscle called?

Rhabdomyoma

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What is a malignant tumour of the skeletal muscle called?

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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What is a benign tumour of the smooth muscle called?

Leiomyoma

Very common

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What is a malignant tumour of the smooth muscle called?

Leiomyosarcoma

What is a benign tumour of the nerves called?

Neurofibroma, schwannoma

What is a malignant tumour of the nerves called?

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

What is a benign tumour of the blood vessels called?

Haemangioma

What is a malignant tumour of the blood vessels called?

Angiosarcoma, kaposi's sarcoma

What are tumours of the CNS called?

Gliomas

What is the medical term for a freckle?

Ephelis

What is the medical term for a mole?

Naevus

What is a malignant tumour of a mole or freckle called?

Melanoma

What is the name of malignant blood tumours?

All malignant - leukaemia - lymphomas

What can be done to analyse genetics?

Karyotype- culture cells and can see full complement Cytogenetics- look at chromosome FISH Molecular genetics Look at oncogenes

Why are oncogenes relevant?

Diagnosis, prognosis, therapy

How can we stage cancer?

TNM staging Tumour Node Metastasis

How do we grade cancer?

Differentiation Well differentiated- low grade Poorly differentiated- high grade

Describe some mass effects of cancers?

Local problems due to size Compression of adjacent structures Anatomically dependant Brain- VERY BAD Blocking of vessels Blocking of airways Blocking of bile ducts

What kind of tumours can present early and why?

Vocal cord- changes in voice early Skin cancers- you can see them Breast cancers- self- examine Testicular cancer- self examine

What is a useful warning sign of a tumour?

Loss of function - hoarseness - jaundice

What is a result of colon cancer?

Obstruction | Perforation

What are the results of lung cancer?

Decreased area of healthy lung Decreased oxygen consumption If patient has pre-existing lung disease may not notice a change

When and how does lung cancer often present?

Late occurrence | Large and multiple tumours

What can be secondary to lung cancer?

Infection- secondary to obstruction | Like a pond without flowing water- stagnates

What can occur as a result of bladder and kidney tumours?

``` Obstruction Can't drain urine Backwards pressure Kidney stops functioning Build up of toxins and abnormal electrolyte balance ```

What can occur as a result of brain tumours?

Respiratory depression Loss of control of HR Increased intracranial pressure Seizures- don't breathe

What is different about tumours and normal tissue?

Divide frequently Very metabolically active Require energy

What is weight loss in cancer known as and caused by?

Cachexia Energy use of tumours Tumours produce molecules that result in increased metabolism throughout the body- TNFa

What is infiltration?

Direct invasion of other structures

Name some types of infiltration

``` Organs Fistula and sinuses Pooh in wrong places Brain Lung cancers through chest wall Nerves- loss of function ```

What can nerve infiltration cause?

Motor- swallowing, diaphragm Sensory- pain (late sign) or loss of sensation Other- autonomic function

What can infiltration of blood vessels cause?

Catastrophic Haemorrhage

What can infiltration of bone marrow cause?

White cell production | Folate requirements increase

What is a paraneoplastic syndrome?

Caused by hormones produced by tumour

What can paraneoplastic syndromes result in?

Electrolyte disturbances High calcium Low sodium

Name a paraneoplastic syndrome?

Osteoarthropathy- big fingers Skin rash Fever- endogenous pyrogenes

What is the relationship between tumours and immunosuppression?

express proteins that are not normally expressed. stimulate an immune response a strong immune response=good prognosis

What are cancer patients at high risk for?

Infection

What are metastasis known to be?