Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles 2018 > Pathology Part 5 > Flashcards

Pathology Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What implies a non-malignant lesion?

A 
Round
Smooth edges 
Symmetrical 
Encapsulated- takes a while to form, suggests slow growing
homogenous cut surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What implies a malignant lesion?

A

Irregular
Infiltrative
Destructive
Heterogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What might cause a heterogenous lesion?

A

Haemorrhage

Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is significant about the N:C ration

A

Higher N may suggest malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What else may suggest malignancy?

A

Pleiomorphism
Hyperchromasia
Active mitosis
Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the meaning of mesenchymal?

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the meaning of haematopoietic?

A

White cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the big taxonomy groups?

A 
Epithelial
Mesanchymal
Haematopoietic
Melanocytic
Brain (glial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of tumours are found in the epithelium

A

Carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of tumours contain glandular epithelial cells?

A

Adenoma vs adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of tumours contain squamous epithelial cells?

A

Papilloma vs SCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of tumours are found in the epithelium of the bladder?

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

Sometimes called urothelial cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are malignant legions of the connective tissue?

A

Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of connective tissues?

A

Bone, cartilage, peripheral nerves, fat, fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, miscellaneous others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are benign tumours of fat called?

A

Lipoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are malignant tumours of the fat called?

A

Liposarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How common is liposarcoma?

A

Rare

Retroperitoneum, testicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a benign tumour of the bone called?

A

Osteoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the bone called?

A

Osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a benign tumour of the cartilage called?

A

Endochondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a benign tumour of the skeletal muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the skeletal muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a benign tumour of the smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyoma

Very common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

26
Q

What is a benign tumour of the nerves called?

A

Neurofibroma, schwannoma

27
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the nerves called?

A

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

28
Q

What is a benign tumour of the blood vessels called?

A

Haemangioma

29
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the blood vessels called?

A

Angiosarcoma, kaposi’s sarcoma

30
Q

What are tumours of the CNS called?

A

Gliomas

31
Q

What is the medical term for a freckle?

A

Ephelis

32
Q

What is the medical term for a mole?

A

Naevus

33
Q

What is a malignant tumour of a mole or freckle called?

A

Melanoma

34
Q

What is the name of malignant blood tumours?

A

All malignant

  • leukaemia
  • lymphomas
35
Q

What can be done to analyse genetics?

A

Karyotype- culture cells and can see full complement

Cytogenetics- look at chromosome FISH

Molecular genetics

Look at oncogenes

36
Q

Why are oncogenes relevant?

A

Diagnosis, prognosis, therapy

37
Q

How can we stage cancer?

A

TNM staging
Tumour
Node
Metastasis

38
Q

How do we grade cancer?

A

Differentiation
Well differentiated- low grade
Poorly differentiated- high grade

39
Q

Describe some mass effects of cancers?

A

Local problems due to size

Compression of adjacent structures

Anatomically dependant

Brain- VERY BAD

Blocking of vessels

Blocking of airways

Blocking of bile ducts

40
Q

What kind of tumours can present early and why?

A

Vocal cord- changes in voice early

Skin cancers- you can see them

Breast cancers- self- examine

Testicular cancer- self examine

41
Q

What is a useful warning sign of a tumour?

A

Loss of function

  • hoarseness
  • jaundice
42
Q

What is a result of colon cancer?

A

Obstruction

Perforation

43
Q

What are the results of lung cancer?

A

Decreased area of healthy lung
Decreased oxygen consumption
If patient has pre-existing lung disease may not notice a change

44
Q

When and how does lung cancer often present?

A

Late occurrence

Large and multiple tumours

45
Q

What can be secondary to lung cancer?

A

Infection- secondary to obstruction

Like a pond without flowing water- stagnates

46
Q

What can occur as a result of bladder and kidney tumours?

A 
Obstruction
Can't drain urine
Backwards pressure
Kidney stops functioning
Build up of toxins and abnormal electrolyte balance
47
Q

What can occur as a result of brain tumours?

A

Respiratory depression
Loss of control of HR
Increased intracranial pressure
Seizures- don’t breathe

48
Q

What is different about tumours and normal tissue?

A

Divide frequently
Very metabolically active
Require energy

49
Q

What is weight loss in cancer known as and caused by?

A

Cachexia

Energy use of tumours

Tumours produce molecules that result in increased metabolism throughout the body- TNFa

50
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Direct invasion of other structures

51
Q

Name some types of infiltration

A 
Organs
Fistula and sinuses
Pooh in wrong places
Brain
Lung cancers through chest wall
Nerves- loss of function
52
Q

What can nerve infiltration cause?

A

Motor- swallowing, diaphragm

Sensory- pain (late sign) or loss of sensation

Other- autonomic function

53
Q

What can infiltration of blood vessels cause?

A

Catastrophic Haemorrhage

54
Q

What can infiltration of bone marrow cause?

A

White cell production

Folate requirements increase

55
Q

What is a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Caused by hormones produced by tumour

56
Q

What can paraneoplastic syndromes result in?

A

Electrolyte disturbances
High calcium
Low sodium

57
Q

Name a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Osteoarthropathy- big fingers

Skin rash

Fever- endogenous pyrogenes

58
Q

What is the relationship between tumours and immunosuppression?

A

express proteins that are not normally expressed.

stimulate an immune response

a strong immune response=good prognosis

59
Q

What are cancer patients at high risk for?

A

Infection

60
Q

What are metastasis known to be?

A

More problematic than primary

61
Q

How can bone metastases present?

A

Pathological fracture

Calcium metabolism

High levels of calcium- arrhythmia

Kidney problems

Principles 2018 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions