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reproductive system 2 > Physiology of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Physiology of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the components of the male reproductive system.

A
  • Bulbourethral gland
  • Prostate gland
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Ductus deferens
  • Epididymis
  • Testis
  • Scrotum
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2
Q

Where is the seminal fluid located?

A
  • 5% in the bulbourethral glands
  • 30% in the prostate gland
  • 60% in the seminal vesicles
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3
Q

How much semen does the male reproductive system contain?

A

2-5ml

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4
Q

How many sperm does the male reproductive system contain?

A

20-200million sperm per ml of semen

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5
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testis

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6
Q

What cells are sperm produced from?

A

Spermatogonium which produce spermatocytes which undergo meiosis to produce immature spermatids

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7
Q

What cells support and give nutrition to developing gametes in the male?

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

What are the features of the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • 150 µm diameter, 80 cm long
  • Total 300-900 m
  • Join at rete testis
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9
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Sperm storage

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10
Q

What route do sperm take during ejaculation?

A
  • Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Urethra
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11
Q

What are the roles of the sertoli cells?

A
  • support sperm producing cell

- produce inhibin

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12
Q

Briefly describe the process of sperm production through to ejacualtion

A

Production 75 days in seminiferous tubules

  • Spermatocytogenesis
  • Meiosis
  • Spermiogenesis

Storage 15 days in epididymis
-Become motile

Sexual intercourse in vagina

  • Ejaculation
  • Capacitation
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13
Q

What is the counter current heat exchange of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Arterial blood going to the testis enters a dense network of capillaries coming from the testis and epididymis before reaching the spermatic cord
  • The arterial blood is cooled by the venous blood
  • Helps maintain a constant testicular temperature
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14
Q

What factors affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Testis temperature
  • Endocrine
  • Loss of blood-testis barrier
  • Immunological reactions
  • Environment
  • Medication
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15
Q

What endocrine causes can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Reduction in gonadotrophins and androgens

- Anabolic steroids

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16
Q

What environmental factors can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Occupation e.g. car industry, welders, plastic manufacture, pesticide sprayer
  • Radiation
  • Smoking, alcohol
17
Q

What medications can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Some anti-hypertensives and anti-depressants

- Chemotherapy

18
Q

What testis temperature change can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Should be 2C below body temperature

- Hyperthermia, mumps, viral and other infections

19
Q

What are the targets for androgens in males?

A
  • Systemic
  • CNS (aggressive behaviour)
  • Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • Penis (erective, copulatory and ejaculatory effectiveness)
  • Striated muscle
  • Prostate and seminal vesicles
  • Testis (spermatogenesis)
20
Q

What system effects can androgens have in males?

A
  • Deepening voice
  • Male body hair
  • Increased sebaceous gland activity
  • Protein anabolism
21
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A
  • A regular monthly cycle which occurs in females
  • Can be sexually active at any time even if not ovulating
  • If no conception occurs then the endometrium is shed as a period
22
Q

What ae the components of the female ovary?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Stroma
  • Follicles (primordial, growing, vesicular, mature grafiaan)
  • Corpus lutum
  • Corpus albicans
23
Q

What hormone change occurs shortly before ovulation?

A

LH surge about 36 hours prior to ovulation

24
Q

Briefly describe the hormonal changes which occur during a menstrual cycle.

A
  • Cycle usually 28-35 days with bleeding (period) for the first 5-7 days
  • LH surge about day 13/14 as ovulation occurs
  • FSH has a small surge about day 13/14 when ovulation occurs
  • Progesterone levels increase during the luteal phase and fall again as the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans
  • Oestrogen increases as ovulation takes place
25
Q

What is the duel role od oestrogen?

A
  • Low oestrogen provides negative feedback

- High oestrogen provides positive feedback

26
Q

What are the main female reproductive hormones?

A
  • GnRH from hypothalamus
  • LH from anterior pituitary
  • FSH from anterior pituitary
  • Oestradiol from granulosa cells
  • Progesterone from corpus luteum
27
Q

What is the role of GnRH in the female reproductive system?

A

Stimulate LH and FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

28
Q

What is the role of LH in the female reproductive system?

A

Maintain dominant follicle, induce follicular maturation and ovulation, stimulate CL function

29
Q

What is the role of FSH in the female reproductive system?

A

Stimulate follicular recruitment and development

30
Q

What is the role of Oestradiol in the female reproductive system?

A
  • supports female secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive organs
  • negative feedback control of LH and GnRH EXCEPT for late follicular phase
    (positive control of LH surge, stimulates proliferative endometrium, negative control of FSH)
31
Q

What is the role of Progesterone in the female reproductive system?

A

Maintenance of secretory endometrium, negative feedback control of HPO

32
Q

Briefly describe the change in oocytes in a female.

A
  • During foetal development. germline stem cells proliferate generating roughly 7 million oocytes
  • At birth, most oocytes degrade so at birth roughly 2 million immature follicles remain
  • During puberty, subset of 4-10 immature follicles begin to mature with each menstrual cycle. One follicle ruptures, its oocyte is ovulated and can be fertilised
  • During the menopause, too few immature follicles ae left to support monthly ovulation cycle
33
Q

What are the targets for oestrogens in the female?

A
  • Systemic effects
  • CNS
  • Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
  • Fat distribution
  • Mammary gland
  • Bone maturation and turnover
  • Cervix, vagina, uterus and fallopian tubes
34
Q

What systemic effects does oestrogen have in the female?

A
  • Protein metabolism
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Water and electrolyte balance
  • Blood clotting
35
Q

What are the female normal hormone ranges for LH(u/l)?

A

Follicular phase
2-9

Peak
80

Luteal phase
0.5-13

Menopause
64

36
Q

What are the female normal hormone ranges for FSH (u/l)?

A

Follicular phase
2-9

Peak
13

Luteal phase
0.5-8

Menopause
134

37
Q

What are the female normal hormone ranges for Oestradiol (nmol/l)?

A

Follicular phase
0.08-0.8

Luteal phase
0.08-0.9

Menopause
0.02-0.03

38
Q

What are the female normal hormone ranges for Progesterone (nmol/l)?

A

Follicular phase
1-4

Luteal phase
12-70

Menopause
0.06-0.02

reproductive system 2 (35 decks)

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