Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Physiology of the Pancreas > Flashcards

Physiology of the Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What surrounds the pancreas on the right?

A
  • the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd parts of the duodenum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can stones work their way into the pancreatic duct from the common bile duct?

A
  • YES, preventing secretions, leading to self digestion and thus inflammation (pancreatitis).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What regulates the pancreas?

A
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • What sphincter relaxes allowing both pancreatic and gall bladder secretions to the duodenum?
A
  • sphincter of Odi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of glands are seen on histology in the pancreas?

A
  • compound glands (islets of langerhans, beta, alpha, and delta cells).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 2 general functions does the pancreas have?

A
  • endocrine

- exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the functions of the ENDOcrine pancreas?

A
  • insulin= decreases blood glucose by allowing glucose get into the cells following a meal.
  • glucagon= increases blood glucose by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the digestive enzymes released by the pancreas?

A
  • trypsin, chymotrypsin= breaks down proteins
  • carboxypeptidase= yields individual amino acids
  • pancreatic lipase= breaks down fats
  • pancreatic amylase= breaks down carbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What other EXOcrine secretions are released by the pancreas?

A
  • sodium bicarb (NaHCO3) to buffer the acidic pH from the gastric contents entering the duodenum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in energy?

A
  • provides a means for chemical reactions to extract energy from ingested foods.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

** What enzyme activates trypsinogen to trypsin?

A
  • ENTEROKINASE.

* trypsin then activates chymotrysinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of trypsin inhibitor?

A
  • inhibits pancreatic digestion of itself (i.e. prevents autodigestion of the pancreas; acute pancreatitis).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

A
  • forms carbonic acid by combining H2O and CO2.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What stimulates pancreatic secretions?

A
  • acetylcholine (from nervous innervation and bloodstream)
  • cholecystokinin (I cells)= causes gallbladder to contract and proteases to be released from the pancreas.
  • secretin= released by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate pancreatic sodium bicarb production.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the phases of pancreatic secretion?

A
  1. cephalic= thinking of a meal

2. intestinal= secretin mediated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cells make up the islets of langerhans?

A
  • alpha cells (25%)= glucagon
  • beta cells (60%)= insulin
  • delta cells (10%)= somatostain (inhibits insulin/glucagon)
17
Q

What other hormones are secreted by the pancreas?

A
  • amylin= inhibits insulin secretion

- pancreatic polypeptide

18
Q

What are the main roles of the pancreas in energy production?

A
  • glucose metabolism/glycogen storage
  • fat metabolism
  • tissue metabolism/tissue amino acid uptake
19
Q

How is insulin produced?

A
  • proinsulin (inactive form) to insulin (active form) via insulinase (10-15 min clearance from blood via the liver, kidney, and muscle).
20
Q

How does insulin work?

A
  • 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
  • autophosphorylation on beta units takes place intracellularly.
  • phosphorylation of insulin-receptor substrates (IRS)
  • INCREASED CELLULAR UPTAKE of GLUCOSE
  • increased permeability of K+ through membrane + amino acids.
21
Q

** What are the effects of insulin?

A
  • increased muscle glucose uptake and metabolism.
  • increased storage of glycogen in muscle.
  • increased membrane glucose transport.
  • increased liver uptake and storage of glucose (activation of liver phosphorylase, increase glucokinase activity, increased glycogen synthetase activity).
  • increased conversion of glucose into fatty acids.
  • inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver, aa less available due to muscle storage.
22
Q

Does insulin promote fat synthesis and storage in adipose tissue?

A

YES

23
Q

What does inhibition of hormone sensitive lipase do?

A
  • blocks FFA release into blood.

* aka less fat hydrolysis and more fat build up with insulin.

24
Q

** What can lack of insulin lead to?

A
  • increased use of fats (increased plasma cholesterol and phospholipid levels), leading to KETOSIS and ACIDOSIS!
25
Q

Does insulin cause inhibition of protein catabolism or anabolism?

A
  • protein catabolism
26
Q

What does insulin do to GH?

A
  • enhances GH
27
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion?

A
  • elevated blood GLUCOSE
  • elevated FFA in blood
  • elevated AA blood levels
  • GI hormones (gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP)
  • glucagon, GH, cortisol
  • acetylcholine
  • B-adrenergic stimuli
  • obestiy
  • sulfonylurea meds (glyburide/tolbutamide)
  • ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE
28
Q

What DECREASES insulin release?

A
  • HYPOglycemia
  • fasting
  • somatostain
  • alpha-adrenergic stimulus/ leptin
29
Q

What does glucagon do? (TEGRITY)

A
  • helps bring blood glucose levels by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and adipsoe cell lipase via cAMP…
  • glucagon is released from alpha cells.
30
Q

What inhbits glucagon?

A
  • INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE
31
Q

What does somatostain do?

A
  • inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
32
Q

What organs exclusively metabolize glucose?

A
  • brain
  • retina
  • germinal epithelium of the gonads
33
Q

How can lack of insulin occur?

A
  • destruction of islet cells
34
Q

What will you see with hyperglycemia?

A
  • elevated hemoglobin A1C, leading to glycosylation of cells
35
Q

What are the 2 types of diabetes?

A
  • type 1= lack of insulin

- type 2= NIDDM insulin resistance

36
Q

What are the consequences of poor glucose regulation?

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • hypoglycemia
  • DKA
  • diabetic coma
  • hyperosmotic states (hyper or hypovolemia)
37
Q

What can cause insulin resistance?

A
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
  • PCOS
  • auto-antibodies to insulin receptos
  • hemochromatosis
  • excess GH
  • lipodystrophy
  • mutations
38
Q

What will you see in type 1 DM?

A
  • less than 20 years old
  • low body mass
  • insulin low/absent
  • blood glucose elevated
  • insulin sensitivity
  • glucagon high
  • give them insulin
39
Q

What are insulinomas?

A
  • tumor on the pancreas leading to insulin shock (lethal if not treated).

Endocrinology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions