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Digestive System > Physiology of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Physiology of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two processes of the GI tract?

A
  1. Digestion

2. Absorption

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2
Q

Digestion is the breakdown of large, ____ food particles into small, ____ food particles

A

Insoluble; Soluble

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3
Q

Mechanical breakdown involves

A

Mastication (chewing) in the mouth

Motility (movement) such as mixing and propulsion

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4
Q

Motility (movement) such as mixing and propulsion including

A

Peristalsis in the entire gut
Churning in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine

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5
Q

Chemical breakdown (hydrolysis) using ____ to split large molecules into small molecules (the product of digestion

A

Enzymes

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6
Q

Enzymes may be secreted by the

A

Stomach

Pancreas

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7
Q

Enzymes may be bound to _______; involved in membrane (contact) digestion

A

Intestinal cell membranes

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8
Q

Carbohydrate digestion Is accomplished mainly by carbohydrases in the

A

(a) Saliva, such as salivary amylase
(b) Intestinal juice, such as maltase
(c) Pancreatic juice, such as pancreatic amylase

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9
Q

Carbohydrate digestion Is also accomplished by carbohydrases in intestinal juice including

A

(a) Amylase
(b) Sucrase
(c) Lactase

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10
Q

Carbohydrate digestion Produces

A

(a) 80% Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) Galactose

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11
Q

Fructose changed to ____ in intestinal epithelial cells

A

Glucose

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12
Q

_____ changed to glucose in liver cells

A

Galactose

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13
Q

Almost all the carbohydrates in the blood are in the form of ____

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Lipid digestion mainly by lipases in

A

pancreatic juice

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15
Q

Lipid digestion also by lipases in

A

(a) gastric juice

(b) intestinal juice

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16
Q

Protein digestion Is accomplished mainly by proteases in

A

(a) Gastric juice

(b) Pancreatic juice

17
Q

Protein digestion Is also accomplished by ____ in intestinal juice such as enterokinase

A

Proteases

18
Q

Protein digestion Requires

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

19
Q

HCl functions to

A

[1] Splits large proteins
[2] Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
[3] Kill ingested microorganisms

20
Q

HCl is neutralized by ______ in small intestine

A

bicarbonate ions

21
Q

____ is secreted by all subdivisions of the GI tract

A

Mucus

22
Q

Regulation involves endocrine and neural control of two processes The two processes are

A

(1) Motility

(2) Secretion

23
Q

Endocrine control involves hormones acting on target tissues The endocrine gland cells may be in an ____ or within the wall of the GI tract

A

accessory organ

24
Q

Endocrine control involves hormones acting on target tissues The target organs include the ____ and the accessory organs

A

GItract

25
Q

Nervous control involves two different reflexes

A

(1) Central NS reflexes involve sensory transmission to the CNS and motor transmission to the organs of the digestive system by the PNS (vagus n)
(2) Local NS reflexes involve sensory and motor transmission within the wall of the GI tract

26
Q

The second major process in the physiology of the digestive system is ____ by active and passive processes

A

absorption

27
Q

Absorption is the transport of digested food from the_____ of the GI tract into the body

A

lumen

28
Q

Absorption is the transport of digested food from the lumen of the GI tract into the body Most occurs in

A

small intestine

29
Q

Absorption is the transport of digested food from the lumen of the GI tract into the body It requires increased

A

internal surface area

30
Q

Active processes of absorption include Active transport of

A

(a) Na+
(b) Ca++
(c) Many other ions

31
Q

Active processes of absorption include Carrier-mediated transport of A complex process of lipid absorption Lipid digestion leads mainly to

A

(a) Most monosaccharides (especially glucose)

(b) Amino acids

32
Q

Active processes of absorption include

A

[1] Monoglycerides
[2] Fatty acids
[3] Cholesterol
[4] Phospholipids
[5] Glycerol which is
[a] Water soluble
[b] Absorbed easier

33
Q

Passive processes of absorption include

A

(1) Osmosis, the absorption of water
(2) Diffusion of some ions such as
(a) K+
(b) Cl-

Digestive System (4 decks)

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