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Dermatology > Physiology of Skin > Flashcards

Physiology of Skin Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

what is the outer layer of the skin called

A

epidermis

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2
Q

what cell type is the epidermis made up of and where is it derived from

A

stratified squamous epithelium

derived from ectoderm

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3
Q

where is the dermis located

A

beneath the epidermis

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4
Q

what cell types make up the dermis and where is it derived from

A

connective tissue

derived from mesoderm

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5
Q

where are melanocytes derived from

A

neural crest

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6
Q

at 16 weeks development what layer of the skin have formed

A

all 4 layers of epidermis and dermis

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7
Q

at 26 weeks development what layers of the skin have formed

A

completely formed with hair follicle present

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8
Q

from superficial to deep list the components of the skin

A 
epidermis 
appendages - inc hair, nails, glands and mucosae 
dermo-epidermal junction 
dermis 
sub-cutis - mainly fat
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9
Q

what cell type is the main constituent of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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10
Q

list some other cell types in the epidermis other than keratinocytes

A

langerhans cells, merkel cells, melanocytes

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11
Q

list the 4 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A

keratin layer
granular layer
prickle cell layer
basal layer

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12
Q

where do keratinocytes travel to in the epidermis

A

from the basal layer (basement membrane) upwards allowing for continuous turnover

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13
Q

describe the basal cell layer

A

one cell thick
made up of intermediate filaments
highly metabolically active

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14
Q

describe the prickle cell layer

A

larger polyhedral cells
contain desmosome connections
intermediate filaments of the basal layer connect to desmosomes

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15
Q

describe the granular layer

A

several layers of flat cells
granules contain filaggrin and proteins
increased lipid content

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16
Q

where is the cell nuclei lost in the epidermis

A

granular layer before keratin layer

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17
Q

describe the keratin layer

A

contains corneocytes - terminal keratinocytes lacking cell nucleus, cell remnants
tight waterproof barrier contain keratin and filaggrin

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18
Q

where are melanocytes located in the epidermis

A

basal layer and above

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19
Q

what is the function of melanocytes

A

convert tyrosine into melanin pigment

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20
Q

what colours are eumelanin and phaeomelanin and what people are the found in

A

eumelanin - brown/black found in dark skin

phaeomelanin - red/yellow found in light skin

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21
Q

what is vitiligo

A

autoimmune destruction causing loss of melanocytes

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22
Q

what is albinism

A

genetic cause of partial loss of pigment production

23
Q

where do langerhans cells originate from

A

bone marrow

24
Q

where are langerhans cells located

A

prickle cell layer but also dermis and lymph nodes

25
Q

what is the function of Langerhans cells

A

immune function, APCs that circulate antigen towards lymph nodes

26
Q

where are Merkel cells located

A

in basal layer

27
Q

what is the function of merkel cells

A

mechanoreceptors used for light touch sensations

28
Q

what makes up the pilo-sebaceous unit

A

hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous gland and erector pili muscle

29
Q

list the three phases of hair growth

A

anagen - growing
catagen - involuting (curving inwards)
telogen - resting

30
Q

describe hirsutism

A

male pattern hair growth in females, eg on chin and chest

31
Q

describe virilisation

A

having male characteristics eg deepening of voice, acne

32
Q

what causes hirsutism and virilisation

A

excess androgen production

33
Q

what are nails

A

type of specialised keratins

34
Q

describe the dermo-epidermal junction

A

interface between epidermis and dermis

35
Q

what is the function of the DEJ

A

provides support, anchorage, growth and adhesion for the skin

36
Q

name a disorder of the DEJ

A

bullous pemphigoid

37
Q

list the layer of the DEJ from the basal layer to the dermis

A

lamina lucida
lamina densa
sub-lamina densa zone

38
Q

what is the dermis made up of

A

connective tissue, collagen and elastin

39
Q

name the cell types within the dermis

A

macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts, Langerhan cells

40
Q

what type of nerve supplies the skin

A

somatic sensory with free nerve endings

41
Q

name the pressure receptor within the skin

A

Pacinian receptors

42
Q

name the vibration receptor within the skin

A

Meissners

43
Q

list a disorder of nerve tissue affecting the skin

A

neurofibromatosis

44
Q

list the three types of glands within the skin

A

sebaceous
apocrine
eccrine

45
Q

where are sebaceous glands located

A

widely distributed, especially in the chest and face

46
Q

sebaceous glands are functioning from birth true/false

A

false - hormone sensitive glands therefore activated after puberty

47
Q

what is the function of sebaceous glands

A

control moisture loss and protection from fungal infection

48
Q

name a disorder of sebaceous gland

A

acne

49
Q

where are apocrine glands found

A

axillae and perineum

50
Q

apocrine glands are androgen dependent true/false

A

true

51
Q

what is the function of apocrine glands

A

produces oily fluid which has odour after bacterial decomposition

52
Q

where are the eccrine glands located

A

palms, soles and axillae

53
Q

what is the function of the eccrine glands

A

cooling by evaporation, moistens palms and soles to aid grip

54
Q

out of all three glands which one is a normal sweat gland

A

eccrine gland

Dermatology (8 decks)

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