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Dermatology > Physiology of skin > Flashcards

Physiology of skin Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Which type of skin cells are formed from the neural crest?

A

Melanocytes

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2
Q

How is the epidermis formed embyologically?

A

Ectoderm cells form single layer periderm

Gradual increase in layers of cells

Periderm cells cast off

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3
Q

Which embryological layer is the dermis formed from?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

At which stage of development are the four epidermis layers and dermis formed?

A

16 weeks

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5
Q

At which stage of embyrological development is the skin formed to look like this?

A

26 weeks

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6
Q

What are Blaschko’s lines?

A

Lines of skin development

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7
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The outermost layer of skin, stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What does most of the epidermis consist of?

A

Keratinocytes (95%)

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9
Q

What are the four epidermal layers?

A

Keratin layer

Granular layer

Prickle cell layer

Basal cell layer

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10
Q

How do keratinocytes allow constant regeneration of the epidermis and how long does it take to do this?

A

Keratinocytes migrate from basement membrane to the keratin layer

28 days

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11
Q

How thick is the basement layer of epidermis usually and what shape are the cells?

A

1 cell thick

Small cuboidal cells

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12
Q

What does the prickle layer consist of?

A

Larger polyhedral cells with lots of desmosomes, with connecting intermediate filaments

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13
Q

What does the granular layer consist of?

A

2-3 layers of flatter cells
Large keratohyalin granules – contain structural filaggrin & involucrin proteins

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14
Q

Which layer of epidermis contains Odland bodies?

A

Granular layer

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15
Q

What does the keratin layer consist of?

A

Corneocytes - overlapping, non-nucleated cell remnants

Keratin
Fillagrin

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16
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Pigment producing dendritic cells

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17
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

In the basal layer and above

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18
Q

What do melanosomes do?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment
–Eumelanin (brown or black)
–Phaeomelanin (red, yellow)

19
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Absorbs/filters light

Forms protective cap over nucleus

20
Q

What does this diagram show?

A

Melanin caps are protecting nuclear DNA

21
Q

Which cells are of mesenchymal origin?

A

Langerhans cells

22
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

Prickle cell layer

Dermis

Lymph nodes

23
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cell in the skin’s immune system

Pick up antigen in skin and circulate to lymph nodes via lymphatic system

24
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Basal layer

Between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

25
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

26
Q

What are the phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen = growing

Catagen = involuting

Telogen = resting

27
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

Interface between epidermis and dermis

28
Q

What are the functions of the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

Support, anchorage, adhesion, growth and differentiation of epidermal cells

Semi-permeable membrane acting as barrier and filter

29
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Cells - mainly fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, Langerhans cells

Fibres – collagen, elastin

Blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

30
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Secrete collagen

31
Q

What is an angioma?

A

A localised overgrowth of blood vessels in the skin

32
Q

Which special nerve sensors detect pressure and vibration in the skin?

A

Pacinian (pressure) and Meissners (vibration) corpuscles

33
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands and where are they found?

A

Scent sweat glands

Found in axillae and perineum

34
Q

Where are the largest sebacous glands found?

A

Face and chest

35
Q

What are the functions of the sebaceous glands?

A

Control moisture loss
Protection from bacterial and fungal infection

36
Q

What is control of apocrine sweat glands dependant on?

A

Androgen

37
Q

Where are eccrine glands found?

A

All over skin
Palms, soles of feet and and axillae particularly

38
Q

How is secretion from eccrine glands controlled?

A

Parasympathetic cholingeric transmission

39
Q

How does the epidermis function as a barrier?

A

Physical: friction, mechanical trauma, ultraviolet radiation

Chemical: irritants, allergens, toxins

Pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi

40
Q

What metabolism takes place in the skin?

A

Vitamin D metabolism

Thyroid hormone metabolism

Defence against chemicals, drugs, pollutants & sunlight

41
Q

What role does the skin play in Vitamin D metabolism?

A

Uses UV light to synthesise vitamin D3 from cholecalciferol to be stored in the liver

42
Q

What role does the skin play in thyroid hormone metabolism?

A

Converts T4 to T3

43
Q

What role does the skin have in thermoregulation?

A

Protects against being too hot or too cold

Warm/cold-sensitive thermoreceptors cause:
Behavioural changes

Control sweating/shivering/blood supply

44
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Barrier function
Thermoregulation
Immune defence
Metabolism & detoxification
Communication
Sensory functions

Dermatology (8 decks)

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