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BMS250 > Physiology of Respiration Pt 1 (Week 4) > Flashcards

Physiology of Respiration Pt 1 (Week 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath, about 500 ml.

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2
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effect, about 5800 ml.

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3
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent and then expiring to maximum extent, about 4600 ml.

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4
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration, about 2300 ml.

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5
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration, about 1200 ml.

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6
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra amount of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of normal tidal expiration, about 1100 ml.

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7
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Amount of air a person can breathe beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending lungs to maximum amount, about 3500 ml.

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8
Q

What is forced expiratory volume?

A

Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in a specified time interval.

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9
Q

What is peak expiratory flow?

A

Maximum speed of expiration during a forced breath.

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10
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

Total amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a deep breath.

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11
Q

Define alveolar pressure.

A

Pressure of air in the alveoli.

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12
Q

Define pleural pressure.

A

Pressure inside the pleural sac.

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13
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure.

A

Distending pressure across the lung wall, calculated as P(alv) - P(ip)

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14
Q

Define transairway pressure.

A

Pressure difference that drives airflow through the airways.

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15
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total amount of new air moved into respiratory passages each minute, equal to tidal volume times respiratory rate.

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16
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Total volume of new air entering the gas exchange areas each minute.

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17
Q

Define physiologic dead space.

A

Volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange due to non-functional alveoli.

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18
Q

Define anatomic dead space.

A

Volume of all the space of the respiratory system besides gas exchange areas.

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19
Q

What is compliance in respiratory physiology?

A

Extent to which the lungs expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure.

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20
Q

What is resistance in the context of ventilation?

A

Opposition to airflow within the respiratory system.

21
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases.

22
Q

What is elasticity in the lungs?

A

Ability of lung tissue to return to its original shape after being stretched.

23
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related; if volume increases, pressure decreases.

24
Q

What is Laplace’s law in relation to the lungs?

A

Describes the relationship between surface tension and the radius of alveoli.

25
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle in respiratory physiology?

A

Relates transairway pressure and airway resistance in small airways.

26
Q

What does Poiseuille’s law describe?

A

Describes airway resistance and gas flow in conducting airways.

Note: radius is the biggest influencing factor

27
Q

What does Fick’s law relate to?

A

Gas movement in exchange/respiratory airways.

28
Q

What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

A

Reduces surface tension and protects the lower airways.

29
Q

What is dead space volume?

A

Inhaled air that never reaches gas exchange areas.

30
Q

What is minute respiratory volume?

A

Total amount of new air moved into respiratory passages each minute, approximately 6 L/min for a normal adult.

31
Q

What is the formula for calculating alveolar ventilation?

A

V_A = Freq x (V_T - V_D).

32
Q

What happens to pleural pressure during inspiration?

A

Becomes more negative, facilitating lung expansion.

33
Q

What is the significance of compliance in the lungs?

A

Indicates the ability of the lungs to expand and stretch in response to pressure changes

34
Q

What is hysteresis in lung function?

A

The difference in pressure-volume curves during lung inflation and deflation.

Note: The lungs require more pressure to inflate than to deflate due to surface tension and elastic recoil.

35
Q

What is the approximate volume of tidal volume in normal adults?

A

About 500 ml.

36
Q

What is the approximate volume of inspiratory reserve volume in normal adults?

A

About 3000 ml.

37
Q

What is the approximate volume of functional residual capacity in normal adults?

A

About 2300 ml.

38
Q

What happens during forced expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract to expel air more forcefully.

39
Q

True or False: The total lung capacity can be measured directly with a spirometer.

A

False.

Total lung capacity (TLC) cannot be measured directly with a spirometer because it includes the residual volume (RV)—the air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhalation. Spirometry can only measure the air that is actively inhaled and exhaled, not the volume that stays trapped in the lungs. To measure TLC, techniques like helium dilution or body plethysmography are required.

40
Q

Fill in the blank: The main muscle of inspiration is the _______.

A

[diaphragm]

41
Q

Fill in the blank: The volume of air that remains in the lungs after most forceful expiration is called _______.

A

[residual volume]

42
Q

control center for respiration

A

medulla (in the brain stem)

Note: the medulla monitors CO2 & O2 levels, as well as pH levels

43
Q

_____________ (External/Internal) respiration occurs in the lungs

A

External

Note: O2 moves into blood, CO2 moves out of blood

44
Q

______________ (External/Internal) respiration occurs in the tissues

A

Internal

Note: CO2 moves from tissues INTO blood, O2 moves OUT of blood into tissues

45
Q

True or False: On exhalation, dead space volume/air is expired last

A

False

It is expired first

46
Q

True or False: In pathological conditions, physiological dead space may exceed anatomical dead space

A

True

(This indicates more non-functional alveoli)

Note: In healthy individuals, they are about the same

47
Q

Surfactant is 90% what?

A

Lipids

48
Q

True or False: Surfactant greatly decreases the work of breathing by decreases surface tension, thereby decreasing the inward recoil of the lung, and thus increasing pulmonary compliance

A

True

49
Q

How can we measure FRC?

A

helium dilution

BMS250 (15 decks)

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