Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS250 > Lung Anatomy (Week 4) > Flashcards

Lung Anatomy (Week 4) Flashcards

1
Q

During embryological development, which structure gives rise to the lungs?

A

Foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which body cavity are the lungs located?

A

Pleural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two layers of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A
  • Parietal (somatic) layer
  • Visceral (splanchnic) layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the primary origin of the epithelium of the internal lining in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs?

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What develops from the splanchnic mesodermal origin in the lungs?

A

Cartilaginous, muscular, and connective tissue components of the trachea and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the tracheoesophageal ridges?

A

Longitudinal ridges that develop as the lung bud expands caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What forms the tracheoesophageal septum?

A

Fusion of tracheoesophageal ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

When the proximal esophagus does not connect with the distal part, creating a blind-ending tube

Often causes difficulty swallowing/digesting; if you swallow anything, it just sits in the dead end part of the tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

an abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many secondary bronchi form from the right primary bronchus?

A

Three

These will become the three lobes of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many secondary bronchi form from the left primary bronchus?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

**What separates the pericardioperitoneal canals from the peritoneal and pericardial cavities?

A
  • Pleuroperitoneal folds
  • Pleuropericardial folds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between the parietal and visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of pleural fluid?

A

Lubricates and facilitates gliding movement of the lungs during breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A
  • Condition where air enters the pleural space, often from chest trauma
  • breaks the coupling between parietal and visceral pleura –> leads to an equalization between pleural pressure and atmospheric pressure
  • ultimately leading to a collapsed lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

When blood fills the pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

Note: Lung does not fill the entire pleural sac during quiet respiration

The areas with incomplete filling = pleural recesses

Note: pleural fluid accumulates here during quiet breathing

Note: During deep breaths, expanded lungs push into recesses –> costodiaphragmatic recess & costomediastinal recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A
  • Superior
  • Inferior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Location where blood vessels, air passages, lymphatics, and nerves enter and leave the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the dual circulation in the lungs?

A
  • Bronchial Circulation
  • Pulmonary Circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the pulmonary plexus provide?

A

Both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary control for bronchial dilation?

A

Epinephrine from the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the components of the bronchial tree?

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Conducting bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What structure begins at the cricoid cartilage and bifurcates into right and left primary bronchi?

A

Trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the carina?

A

Internal ridge at tracheal bifurcation into primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

A region of the lung supplied by a tertiary (segmental) bronchus

ChatGPT: “A bronchopulmonary segment is the smallest functionally independent unit of the lung, supplied by its own tertiary (segmental) bronchus and segmental artery, but drained by shared veins and lymphatics. It is separated from other segments by connective tissue and can be surgically removed without affecting adjacent segments. Each lung has 10 segments, though some fuse in the left lung”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the nasal cavities covered by?

A

Mucosa with lamina propria and bony projections called conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the purpose of the blood flow in the nasal cavities?

A

Releases heat to warm and humidify the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of type II alveolar epithelial cells?

A

Produce surfactant, a fluid that lowers surface tension at the air–alveolar interface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)?

A

Insufficient surfactant leads to high surface tension, risking alveolar collapse during expiration

Note: formerly known as hyaline membrane disease
Note: Common cause of death, accounting for ~20% of newborn deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the innervation for the parietal pleura lining the central portion of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of neurons innervate the visceral pleura?

A

Visceral sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the role of surfactant at birth?

A

Prevents the development of high surface tension and collapse of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two cavernous chambers within the skull called?

A

Nasal Cavities

They are separated by the osseous nasal septum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of blood flow in the nasal cavities?

A

Counteracts the direction of inspired air, releasing heat to warm and humidify the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What aids in humidification of the air in the nasal cavities?

A

Water secreted from small seromucous glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of epithelium covers the middle and inferior conchae?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

Olfactory epithelium covers the superior conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the role of Immunoglobulin A in the nasal cavities?

A

Helps inactivate microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of epithelium covers the roof of the nasal cavities?

A

Specialized olfactory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What structures filter particulate material from inspired air?

A

Vibrissae

vibrissae = moist hairs

Note: the vibrissae are found in the external dilated vestibule of the nasal cavities (aka the front part of the nostrils where air first enters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of epithelium transitions from keratinized to non-keratinized in the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Note: the internal nasal cavity contains the non-keratinized form and the external dilated vestibule contains the keratinized form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the cell types present in respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Brush cells
  • Small Granule Cells
  • Basal Cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What type of cells are olfactory neurons?

A

Bipolar neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do the cilia of olfactory neurons project into?

A

The aqueous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Rigid wall reinforced by hyaline cartilage (thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartilages) and smaller elastic cartilages (epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages)

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents swallowed food or fluid from entering the air passage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What type of epithelium covers the vocal folds?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What reinforces the tracheal wall?

A

about a dozen C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Note: The cartilage rings keep the tracheal lumen open
Note: Trachealis muscle closes this wall posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bronchioles?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in larger bronchioles, transitioning to simple cuboidal in smaller ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What do club cells secrete?

A

Surfactant lipoproteins and mucins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the primary functions of the alveoli?

A
  • Site of gas exchange
  • Exchange of O2 and CO2 with the blood in surrounding capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A
  • Type I and Type II pneumocytes
  • Fused basal laminae
  • Thin capillary endothelial cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

The volume of an object and the pressure of gas it contains are inversely proportional when temperature remains constant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

______________ (Quiet/Forced) expiration is a largely passive process. As inspiratory muscles relax, the diaphragm ascends, the rib cage descends, and elastic lung tissue recoils.

A

Quiet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are accessory muscles of respiration involved in?

A

Inspiration and expiration

See accessory muscles in the chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Fill in the blank: The diaphragm flattens during _______ (inspiration/expiration).

A

Inspiration

Note: this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity; while decreases the pressure in the thoracic cavity

60
Q

What type of pneumocytes produce pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes.

61
Q

What is the role of dust cells in the alveoli?

A

Phagocytose erythrocytes from damaged capillaries and particulate matter.

62
Q

What do the interalveolar septa consist of?

A

Scattered fibroblasts and sparse ECM.

63
Q

What is the primary function of the trachealis muscle?

A

Connects the open ends of the cartilage rings.

64
Q

True or False: The respiratory bronchioles include saclike alveoli.

A

True.

65
Q

REVIEW:

The [BLANK] is comprised of the epiblast and hypoblast.

A

bilaminar disc

66
Q

REVIEW:

[BLANK] is the process whereby the bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast) transforms into the trilaminar disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

A

Gastrulation

67
Q

What is the trilaminar disc composed of?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

68
Q

During gastrulation, cells from the epiblast move toward the what?

A

primitive streak

69
Q

Please review lateral folding:

A
70
Q

Please review craniocaudal folding:

A
71
Q

When do the respiratory diverticulum (lung buds) appear on the ventral wall of the foregut?

A

4 weeks

72
Q

Secondary bronchi divide repeatedly forming how many tertiary (segmental) bronchi in the right lung?

A

10

73
Q

Secondary bronchi divide repeatedly forming how many tertiary (segmental) bronchi in the left lung?

A

8

74
Q

Tertiary bronchi create [_______________] segments in the adult lung

A

bronchopulmonary

75
Q

What are the 4 stages of the maturation of the lungs?

A

1) pseudoglandular stage (5-16 weeks)

2) canalicular stage (16-26 weeks)

3) terminal sac period aka saccular (26 weeks - birth)

4) alveolar period (36 weeks - 8 years)

76
Q

Branching has continued to form terminal bronchioles

Which stage of lung maturation does this describe?

A

Pseudoglandular stage (5-16 weeks)

77
Q

Each terminal bronchiole divides into two or more respiratory bronchioles, which in turn divide into three to six alveolar ducts

Which stage of lung maturation does this describe?

A

Canalicular stage (16-26 weeks)

78
Q

Terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) form, and capillaries establish close contact (26 weeks - birth)

Which stage of lung maturation does this describe?

A

Terminal sac period aka saccular

79
Q

Mature alveoli have well-developed epithelial-endothelial (capillary) contacts

Which stage of lung maturation does this describe?

A

Alveolar period (36 weeks - 8 years)

80
Q

True or False: Up to the 7th month, bronchioles continuously divide into smaller canals, vascular supply steadily increases, and terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles

A

True

81
Q

Each respiratory bronchiole divide into how many alveolar ducts?

A

3-6

82
Q

Alveolar ducts end in terminal sacs, also known as what?

A

primitive alveoli

83
Q

What surrounds the terminal sacs, and is in close contact with neighbouring capillaries?

A

flat alveolar cells

84
Q

At the end of the 7th month, sufficient numbers of [_______] and capillaries are present

A

mature alveolar sacs

85
Q

What cells line the terminal sacs, become thinner (for gas exchange), and help to form the blood-air barrier?

A

type I alveolar epithelial cells

Note: These cells line majority of the alveolar surface

86
Q

What cells develop by the end of week 24, produce surfactant (a phospholipid-rich fluid) to help lower surface tension at the air-alveolar interface?

A

type II alveolar epithelial cells

Note: These cells line less of the alveolar surface (compared to type I) and are usually cuboidal

87
Q

True or False: Fetal breathing movements begin before birth, causing the aspiration of amniotic fluid

A

True

Essential for stimulating lung development and conditioning respiratory muscles

88
Q

True or False: At birth, most lung fluid is rapidly resorbed by blood and lymph capillaries

A

True

89
Q

What prevents the development of high surface tension and collapse of alveoli upon the first breath?

A

surfactant

90
Q

Cartilages and muscles of the larynx originate from mesenchyme of the [BLANK]

A

fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches

91
Q

Mesenchyme of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches transforms into what?

A

thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages

92
Q

Tissue folds surrounding the laryngeal ventricles differentiate into what?

A

the false and true vocal cords

93
Q

All laryngeal muscles are innervated by branches of which cranial nerve?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

10th cranial nerve

94
Q

The ______ (visceral/parietal) pleura is attached to the lung

A

visceral

95
Q

The (visceral/parietal) pleura lines the internal thoracic cavity

A

parietal

96
Q

How many rib levels is the visceral layer above the parietal layer?

A

2 rib levels

97
Q

What lines the lateral surface of the mediastinum?

A

mediastinal parietal pleura

98
Q

What lines the internal surface of the ribs?

A

costal parietal pleura

99
Q

What lines the superior surface of the diaphragm?

A

diaphragmatic parietal pleura

100
Q

What extends above rib 1 to the root of the neck?

A

cervical parietal pleura (cupula)

101
Q

What innervates the parietal pleura lining the peripheral portion of the diaphragm and ribs?

A

intercostal nerves

102
Q

What innerves the parietal pleura lining the central portion of the diaphragm and mediastinum?

A

phrenic nerves

103
Q

True or False: the visceral pleura is sensitive to pain and the parietal pleura is not very sensitive to pain

A

False

The parietal pleura is sensitive to pain. The visceral pleura is not very sensitive to pain.

104
Q

What is the visceral pleura innervated by?

A

visceral sensory neurons; the autonomic vagus nerve (CN X)

INSENSITIVE to pain

105
Q

True or False: The visceral and parietal pleura produce and reabsorb pleural fluid

A

True

106
Q

The visceral pleura is contiguous with teh parietal pleura at the [BLANK] of each lung

A

hilum

107
Q

Where is the pleural space located?

A

between the parietal and visceral pleurae

108
Q

True or False: Atmospheric pressure is slightly less than pleural pressure

A

False

Pleural pressure is slightly less than atmospheric pressure

109
Q

three borders of the lung

A

1) anterior
2) posterior
3) inferior

110
Q

three surfaces of the lung

A

1) costal
2) diaphragmatic
3) mediastinal

111
Q

number of fissures in right lung

A

two (horizontal and oblique)

112
Q

number of fissures in left lung

A

one (oblique)

113
Q

Which lung (right or left) contains the cardiac notch and lingula?

A

Left lung

114
Q

True or False: The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung

A

True

115
Q

connection between the lung and cardiovascular system

A

hilum

116
Q

The parietal and visceral pleura meet to form what ligament?

A

pulmonary ligament

117
Q

The lung has dual blood circulation. Which is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the bronchial tree?

A

bronchial circulation

Note: there are 3 bronchial arteries (2 left, 1 right) and they drain into the bronchial and pulmonary veins… bronchial veins –> azygous

118
Q

The lung has dual blood circulation. Which is responsible for the circulation of deoxyngated blood from the heart to the lungs, and oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs?

A

pulmonary circulation

119
Q

Lymph from the right lung enters systemic circulation via what?

A

right lymphatic duct

120
Q

Lymph from left lung enters systemic circulation via what?

A

thoracic duct

121
Q

Describe the pathway of lymph moving out of lung lobes

A

drains into pulmonary & bronchopulmonary (hilar nodes) –> continues into tracheobroncihal (carinal) nodes & paratracheal nodes

122
Q

Parasympathetic is supplied by?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

Causes bronchoconstriction and bronchial gland secretion

123
Q

Sympathetic is supplied by?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers from T1-T4 sympathetic ganglia and cerivical sympathetic ganglia

124
Q

What cell types are found in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • olfactory neurons
  • supporting columnar cells
  • basal cells
125
Q

three parts of the pharynx

A

1) nasopharynx
2) oropharynx
3) laryngopharynx

126
Q

Which parts of the pharynx contain nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Note: NOT the nasopharynx

127
Q

Which part of the pharynx contains the medial pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)?

A

nasopharynx

128
Q

Which part of the pharynx contains the palatine and lingual tonsils?

A

oropharynx

129
Q

What controls the movements of cartilages around the larynx for sound production?

A

skeletal muscles

130
Q

flattened structure projecting from the proximal larynx

A

epiglottis

131
Q

muscle that allows movement of the vocal folds?

A

vocalis

132
Q

ligament that supports the vocal cords

A

vocal ligament

133
Q

True or False: The false vocal chords are immovable vestibular folds

A

True

Whereas the true vocal cords have movement

134
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

respiratory mucosa

135
Q

difference between primary bronchi and bronchioles

A

primary bronchi: cartilage rings encircle the lumen

bronchioles: loss of cartilage, gain of smooth muscle & MALT

136
Q

larger bronchioles vs. smaller terminal bronchioles

A

larger bronchioles: have ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

smaller terminal bronchioles: have ciliated simple columnar OR simple cuboidal epithelium

137
Q

What initiates the mucoliary apparatus or escalator that is important in clearing debris and mucus?

A

the ciliated epithelial lining of bronchioles

138
Q

Terminal bronchioles contain [BLANK] cells, which are non-ciliated, dome-shaped apical ends containing secretory granules

A

club cells

Club cells secrete surfactant lipoproteins and mucins, detoxify inhaled xenobiotic compounds via SER and secrete antimicrobial peptides and cytokines

139
Q

What fibers allow alveoli to expand and contract?

A

elastic fibers

140
Q

What fibers prevent collapse and excessive distension of the alveoli?

A

reticular fibers

141
Q

What type of pneumocytes have desmosomes and tight juntions?

A

Type I pneumocytes

142
Q

What type of pneumocytes are cuboidal cells?

A

Type II pneumocytes

143
Q

What type of cells in the alveoli phagocytose erythrocytes from damaged capillaries and particulate matter?

A

dust cells

144
Q

Contraction of the ________________ muscles lifts the rib cage and pulls the sternum anteriorly during inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles

(raising a curved bucket handle away from the bucket)

145
Q

The ____________ (negative/positive) pressure generated during inspiration creates a vacuum.

A

negative

146
Q

______________ (Quiet/Forced) expiration is an active process characterized by the contraction of expiratory muscles (internal oblique, transverse and rectus abdominis)

A

Forced

Note: Expiratory muscle contraction increases intra-abdominal pressure, forcing abdominal organs against the diaphragm and raising it; these muscles also depress the ribcage

Note: Recall Boyle’s Law; during forced expiration, as volume decreases, pressure increases in the thoracic cavity

BMS250 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions