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MSK > Physiology of Muscles & Pain > Flashcards

Physiology of Muscles & Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of pain physiology?

A

transduction. transmission, modulation, perception

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2
Q

What is transduction of pain?

A

translation of harmful stimulus into electrical activity at the peripheral nociceptor

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3
Q

What is transmission of pain?

A

the propagation of a pain signal as nerve impulses through the nervous system

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4
Q

What is pain modulation?

A

modification/hindering of pain transmission in the nervous system, e.g. inhibitory neurotransmitters like endogenous opioids

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5
Q

What is pain perception?

A

the conscious experience of pain - causes psychological and behavioural responses.

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6
Q

Which component of pain physiology describes how the body conveys a noxious signal to the brain?

A

transduction

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7
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

specific primary afferent neurones normally activated (depolarised) by intense noxious stimuli

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8
Q

Describe the nociceptive pathway form a peripheral site to the spinal cord.

A
  1. Noxious stimulation at free nerve ending
  2. AP travels along nociceptor (1st order) axon
  3. Neurotransmitters released at dorsal horn of spinal cord
  4. Stimulation of projection (2nd order) neurone, travels up axon, terminates at thalamus
  5. Sensory information relayed to primary sensor from thalamus
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9
Q

What are the neurotransmitters released in a nociceptive pathway?

A

glutamate and the peptides substance P & neurokinin A

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10
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract (STT) involved in?

A

pain perception (location, intensity)

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11
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract (SRT) involved in?

A

autonomic responses to pain, emotional responses, fear of pain.

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12
Q

What are the stimulants of nociceptors?

A

noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli

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13
Q

What are the fibre types comprising nociceptors?

A

A-gamma-fibres

C-fibres

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14
Q

Which fibre type senses mechanical/thermal stimulation?

A

A-gamma-fibres

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15
Q

Which fibre type is polymodal?

A

C-fibres

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16
Q

Which fibre type responds to ‘first’ or fast pain? Why is this?

A

A-gamma-fibres since they are thinly myelinated - faster conduction

17
Q

What type of sensations do C-fibres respond to? What do they feel like?

A

collectively respond to all noxious stimuli - slower conduction rate.
burning, throbbing, cramping, aching sensations

18
Q

What is nociceptive pain? What is its function?

A

normal response to injury by noxious stimuli.

= early warning physiological protective system to detect & avoid noxious stimuli

19
Q

What is inflammatory pain?

A

caused by activation of immune system by tissue injury or infection

20
Q

What does inflammatory pain promote and how does it do so?

A

Promotes repair until healing occurs.

Heightened pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli & innocuous stimuli; discourages physical contact.

21
Q

What is allodynia?

A

stimuli that doesn’t normally cause pain but does at this time (inflammatory pain feature)

22
Q

What are the types of pathological pain?

A

neuropathic and dysfunctional

23
Q

Describe neuropathic pathological pain.

A

caused by damage to neural tissue, can be perceived as burning, shooting, numbness, pins & needles; may be less localised.

24
Q

What can cause neuropathic pain?

A 
compression neuropathies
peripheral neuropathies
central pain (post-stroke or spinal injury)
postherpetic neuralgia
trigeminal neuralgia phantom limb
25
Q

Describe dysfunctional pathological pain.

A

No identifiable damage or inflammation.

Simple analgesics not very effective

26
Q

What are some causes of dysfunctional pathological pain?

A 
fibromyalgia
IBS
tension headache
TMJ disease 
interstitial cystitis
27
Q

Which types of pain are adaptive and maladaptive?

A

Adaptive -> nociceptive, inflammatory

maladaptive -> dysfunctional

28
Q

Why is adaptive pain protective?

A

discourages movement, contact with affected area, inflammation encourages rest of limbs etc.
enables and speeds up healing

29
Q

What does hyperalgesia mean?

A

hypersensitivity to pain from noxious stimuli

30
Q

What causes referred pain?

A

convergence of nociceptive visceral and skin afferents upon the same spinothalamic neurones at the same spinal level
- leads to feeling pain in an area of skin distant from internal organ where pain originates.

31
Q

What are the main physiological functions of skeletal muscle?

A 
maintenance of posture
purposeful movement 
respiratory movements 
heat production 
contribution to whole body metabolism

MSK (7 decks)

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