Physiology Of Muscles Flashcards
3 muscle types
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Smooth muscles are not _________ like skeletal muscles
Striated
What are the properties of skeletal muscles?
Long, striated, multinucleate, voluntary
Skeletal muscles is also activated by________ which occurs unwillingly
Reflexes
each muscle fiber is served by 1 nerve ending which controls muscle activity
Nerve supply of SM
Purpose of connective tissue sheaths
Not ripped when they exert such force, provide strength, and support reinforcement
Smoot muscles are termed _________ because we have no control over it
Involuntary
What are the functions of smooth muscle
Force fluid and other substance through internal body channels
EMPTYING OF BOWELS AND BLADDER
What is the function of cardiac muscles
Make the heart beat
Peristalsis
Wave like contractions that move substances through certain hollow organs (digestive, bladder)
Where do you find cardiac muscles
Heart
What type of movement does CM have
Involuntary
What is the normal rate of CM
Fairly steady
What other system of the body can stimulate the CM contractions
Nervous system
How are smooth muscles shaped
Spindle shaped
4 functions of muscles
Maintain posture Provide movement to all parts of body Stabilize joint (pulling on bones) Generate heat (from contractions, maintain body temp)
What form of energy is used to power muscle contractions
ATP
What percent of skeletal muscle is attributed to our total body mass
40%
Where is creatine phosphate located
Muscles
What is the shape of CM, which muscle is similar
Cylindrical, striated.
Skeletal
What the duration and the net ATP produced in creatine phosphate
10-15 seconds
1ATP
Where is anaerobic respiration found
Mitochondria
CP+ADP—>ATP
Creatine phosphate
Where is aerobic respiration found
Mitochondria
Glucose–> Pyruvic Acid—> CO2+H2O+36ATP
Aerobic respirations
What the duration and how many net ATP is in anaerobic respiration
30-40 seconds
2 ATP
Needs oxygen
Aerobic
Composed of bundles of cylindrical striated cells called fibers
Whole muscles
What is the speed of movement for smooth muscles
Steady slow pace
Small cylinder, extend from one bone to another
Muscle fiber cells
Where do you find smooth muscles
Hollow, visceral organs (stomach l, bladder, respiratory passages)
Hundreds of banded cylindrical myofibrils, run the length of each cells, they are the contractile elements of the cell called sacromere
Myofibril
What is the duration and net ATP produced in aerobic
Hours
36 ATP
Actin filament, looks like a string of beads
Thin filaments
______ transmits electrical signal to axon terminals (on muscle cells)
Motor neuron (spinal cord)
_____ is released, called acetylcholine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter
ACh allows Na+ ions to rush into muscle cell, disrupts electrical balance is called _____
Action potentioal
___ conducted from one end of cell to other = contraction muscle cells
Electrical impulse
Results from oxygen debt during prolonged muscle activity
Muscle fatigue
K+ ions diffuse out of cell, NaK pump moves Na K ions back to their initial positions
What is achieved
Resting state of muscles
Requires oxygen
Occurs in mitochondria
Hours
Aerobic respiration
___ found only in muscle fibers
____ transfers a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
1 __ = 1ATP
15 seconds
Creatine phosphate
Myosin filament, rod shaped tails with head
Thick filaments
No oxygen available
Occurs in mitochondria
30-60 seconds
Accumulates lactic acid in muscles: which causes fatigue and muscle soreness
Anaerobic respiration
Contractions were muscles don’t shorten, myofilaments are not moving, tension increases
Usually against immobile object
Isometric contractions
A muscle that is unable to contract even though it is being stimulated
Muscle fatigue
Cause muscles to contract less and less effectively until stops altogether
Build up of lactic acid/ no oxygen/ lack of ATP
Increases blood supply, stores more oxygen, increases mitochondria
Aerobic endurance
Breathing deeply does what
Replenish oxygen in muscles
Myofilaments are sliding together normally muscle shortens and movement occurs
Isotonic contractions
State is continuous partial contractions
Even relaxed
Muscle tone
Results from stimulation in systematic way from nervous system
Paralysis no stimulation from nerves ___ loses ____
Muscle. Tone.
Stronger more flexible greater resistance to fatigue
Does not increase muscle mass
Aerobic endurance
Isometric, exercise where muscles are pushed against an immobile object
Forcing muscles to contract as much force as possible
Increase muscle cells, make more contractile filaments = big muscles
Increase connective tissue
Resistance exercise
numerous vein and artery capillaries intertwined in the muscle to provide oxygen and remove wastes
Blood supply of SM
