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Miss Artuch A2 > Physiology of Marine Primary Producers > Flashcards

Physiology of Marine Primary Producers Flashcards

1
Q

What do primary producers fix?

A

inorganic carbon and make organic compounds available to herbivores and other organisms in food chains/webs

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2
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

How can primary production also occur?

A

chemosynthesis

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4
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

Oxidation of inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia

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5
Q

Where are most photosynthetic primary productivity carried out?

A

Phytoplankton

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6
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and use this to from chemical bond energy in organic molecules (such as carbohydrates).

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7
Q

What is Thylakoids?

A

membranes with pigments to absorb light energy

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8
Q

What are Ribosomes used for?

A

for protein synthesis (make enzymes need for photosynthesis)

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9
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

genes for enzymes required

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10
Q

What are the two main stagees of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent and light independent

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11
Q

What do light dependent reactions do?

A

Capture light energy from the son

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12
Q

Waht does light dependent reaction require

A

“pigments” (colored substances) which absorb light energy and start the process of photosynthesis

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13
Q

Where are pigments found?

A

in chloroplasts of eukaryotes (plankton and plants)

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of pigments

A
  • Chlorophylls

- Carotenoids (ß-carotene , Fucoxanthin, Phycobilin)

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15
Q

What is a light independent reaction?

A

When CO2 is fixed into organic molecules

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16
Q

How are individual reactions controlled in a light independent reaction?

A

By enzymes

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17
Q

How is it possible to extrat and separate pigments?

A

Using chromatography

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18
Q

What is chromatography?

A

the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution through a medium in which the components move at different rates

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19
Q

What do chlorophylls have?

A

A green color

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20
Q

What do chlorophylls absorb?

A

Light in red and blue-violet part of the spectrum

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21
Q

Name the 2 forms of chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll a and b

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22
Q

What do carotenoids absorb

A

yellow orange pigments

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23
Q

Where do carotenoids best absorb?

A

in blue-violet and green wavelengths

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24
Q

What are other pigments found in algae?

A

Fucoxanthin and phycobilins

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25
Q

What is fucoxanthin

A

a yellow brown pigment

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26
Q

Where is fucoxanthin found?

A

in brown algae (reflects brown light)

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27
Q

What do fucoxanthins absorb?

A

blue-violet light

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28
Q

What is phycobilin?

A

a red and blue pigment

29
Q

Where is phycobilin found?

A

in red algae (reflects red light)

30
Q

What do phycobilin absorb?

A

green, violet, and blue light

31
Q

How does light intensity change with depth?

A

As we go deeper, the intensity of sunlight decreases, as the light is absorbed by the water and the bodies that are to be found inside it.

32
Q

What radiation decreases at a the fastest rate with increasing depths?

A

red radiations

33
Q

List the order of radiations that decrease as depth increases

A

red, orangrage, yellow, green, blue, indigo (roygbi)

34
Q

What do chloroplast pigments absorb?

A

Certain wavelengths of light most strongly

35
Q

Apart from CO2 what mineral ions are needed for phytoplankton growth?

A

Calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus

36
Q

What can the availablility of nitrogent and phosphorus do

A

limit growth

37
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Light wavelength
  • Concentration of carbon dioxide
  • Temperature
38
Q

What happens as light intensity increases?

A

so does the rate of photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting

39
Q

What can happen if the light intensity is too high?

A

the rate of photosynthesis can decrease, due to damage to the photosynthetic structures

40
Q

What is the reult of light intensity decreases as depth increases?

A

Upper regions of the ocean have the highest level of photosynthetic productivity

41
Q

When does the light compensation point occur?

A

at a light intensity where the volume of CO2 produced in respiration is the same as the volume of CO2 used in photosynthesis

42
Q

What happens as light intensity increases further?

A

the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of respiration and there is a net uptake of CO2

43
Q

What is the absorbtion spectrum?

A

a graph showing the relationship between absorbance and wavelength for a pigment

44
Q

What is the action spectrum?

A

a graph showing the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and the wavelength of light

45
Q

What does a wide range of pigments being present in different species of phytoplankton enable?

A

enables them to utilize a wide range of wavelengths of light for photosynthesis

46
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as temperature increases

A

it increases until it reaches an optimum as the enzyms being to denature

47
Q

What is an algal bloom

A

where there is a high concentration of nutrients, plankton may grow rapidly giving rise to a ‘bloom’

48
Q

What may a red tide contain

A

toxic species of dinoflagellates

49
Q

List 3 primary producers

A

–Phytoplankton

  • Larger algae such as Sargassum
  • Flowering plants such as the sea grasses
50
Q

What primary producesrs are found in shallow coastal waters?

A
  • Sea grasses (Thalassea and Zostera)
  • Zooxanthellae (in coral)
  • Kelp forests
51
Q

What is primary producers is found in the intertidal region?

A

Green, red and brown algae

52
Q

What is primary producers is found in the open ocean?

A
  • Phytoplankton like Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Cyanobacteria
  • Floating large algae (Sargassum)
53
Q

How do sea grase inporve the water quality?

A

by absorbing nutrients and attracting particles to their blades

54
Q

What does sea grass help reduce?

A

water current speed and increase sedimentation (grows in shallow coastal waters with a sandy or muddy substrate )

reduce coastal erosion as roots and rhizomes stabilise the substrate

55
Q

What is kelp?

A

A brown algae

56
Q

Where do kelp live?

A

in cool, nutrient rich and relatively shallow waters (up to 40 m deep) close to the shore

57
Q

What algae are found on rocky shores?

A

green and red

58
Q

What is the photic zone?

A

surface layer of the ocean in which there is enough light for Photosynthesis

59
Q

What accessory pigments do species of phytoplankton in deeper parts of the photic zone contain?

A

Xanthophylls and Phycobilins

60
Q

What do Phycobilins absorb?

A

light in the middle part of the visible spectrum (B,Y,G)

61
Q

Where do green live ?

A

where red light is more abundant

62
Q

Where do brown algae live?

A

where yellow light is more abundant

63
Q

What do brown algae use?

A

Fucoxanthin

64
Q

What do red algae have?

A

Red pigments called phycobilins

65
Q

Why do red algae have phycobilins?

A

To make absorption of green light possible

66
Q

What are diatoms made of?

A

silica and their yellow-brown chloroplasts

67
Q

What do dinoflagellates have

A

2 flagella

68
Q

What is Cyanobacteria?

A

A blue green algae

69
Q

What do Cyanobacteria not have

A

A chloroplast

Miss Artuch A2 (8 decks)

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