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Davies Vascular Technology 5th Edition > Physiology of Fluid Dynamics > Flashcards

Physiology of Fluid Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

A multibranched elastic conduit that carries blood away from the heart and outward to the most distant tissues is called the _________ system.

A

Arterial

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2
Q

The stroke volume is ___________________.

A

The amount of blood ejected

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3
Q

Increase heart rate=______ blood volume

A

Increase

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4
Q

The heart pump generates _________ energy.

A

pressure/Potential energy

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5
Q

What three things change as the wave move through the arterial system?

A

Propagation speed
Shape
Strength

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6
Q

What is the route of blood flow?

A

Left Ventricle
Aorta
Large arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Large veins
Vena Cava
Right atrium

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7
Q

T/F: The pressure gradient is necessary to maintain flow.

A

True

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8
Q

Cardiac output governs the amount of _______ that enters the arterial system.

A

blood

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9
Q

__________ and _____________ determines the volume of blood that leaves the arterial system.

A

Arterial pressure
Total peripheral resistance

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10
Q

Where is pressure at its greatest?

A

the heart

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11
Q

What is the word for pressure difference?

A

Gradient

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12
Q

The movement of any fluid medium between two points requires two things:

A
  1. A route
  2. A difference in energy
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13
Q

The volume of flow depends on the ________ difference between two points.

A

net energy

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14
Q

resistance and flow rate are __________ related.

A

Inversely

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15
Q

The main form of energy present in flowing blood is called ________.

A

Pressure energy

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16
Q

The ability of flowing blood to do work as a result its velocity is called _________.
(the energy an object has because of its motion)

A

Kinetic energy

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17
Q

This energy is measured in millimeters of mercury…..

A

Gravitational energy

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18
Q

In supine position, at the level of the ankle, hydrostatic pressure is 0 mmHg, and mean arterial pressure is _____ mmHg.

A

95

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19
Q

In standing position, at the level of the ankle, hydrostatic pressure is 100 mmHg, and mean arterial pressure is ________ mmHg.

A

195

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20
Q

The reference point for zero pressure is in _____________.

A

The right atrium of the heart.

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21
Q

The greatest amount of energy is produced at _________, where the greatest velocities are observed.

A

Peak systole

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22
Q

The type of flow thought to exist in many vessels is called _______.

A

Laminar flow

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23
Q

What are the two forms of laminar flow?

A

Parabolic
Plug

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24
Q

What is another name for artery?

A

Conduit

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25
_______ is the thickness of a fluid.
Viscocity
26
Viscosity and Velocity are __________ related.
Inversely
27
Elevated Hematocrit (More RBC per volume of plasma) is an examples of ________ viscosity in the circulatory system.
High
28
Examples of low viscocity:
Low Hematocrit Anemia
29
Normal hematocrit values:
37%-47% females 42%-52% males
30
What affects resistance?
Viscosity vessel length Vessel diameter
31
What is the equation for resistance?
R=8nL DIVIDED BY Pi r to the 4th power
32
________ law defines the relationship between volume flow (Q), Pressure (P), and Resistance (R).
Poiseuille's law
33
Q=P/R is what law?
Poiseuille's law
34
Which law helps figure out how much fluid is moving through a vessel?
Poiseuille's law
35
Poiseuille's law combined with resistance equation becomes:
Q=(p1-p2)pi r squared/8nL
36
What is the equation for pi?
3.1416
37
Vessel radius and Resistance are __________ related.
Inversely
38
What are the equations for ohms law?
Q=P/R I=E/R
39
What is it called when continuous distinct streamlines break up and form small circular currents?
Eddy currents and vortices
40
Flow volume and pressure are ________ related only up to a certain point.
Directly
41
T/F: When flow changes from stable to disturbed, an increase in pressure no longer increases flow volume.
True
42
Reynolds number is a __________ number.
Dimensionless
43
What is the reynolds number equation?
Re=Vp2r/n
44
The development of turbulence depends mainly on _________________________.
Size of vessel Velocity of flow
45
Laminar flow becomes disturbed when the reynolds number exceed ______.
2000
46
What can cause flow disturbance at low values?
Body movement Pulsatility of blood flow Irregularities of the vessel wall Plaque
47
________ may cause vessel walls to vibrate; causing bruit.
Turbulance
48
The total energy contained in moving fluid is ____________.
The sum of potential
49
Bernolulli equation shows the velocity and pressure are ______ related.
Inversely
50
In the region proximal to a stenosis, the pressure energy is ________ and the kinetic energy is _______.
Higher Lower
51
The _______ region to a stenosis has the highest total energy sum.
Proximal
52
As blood flow into a stenosis, the pressure energy ______ and kinetic energy ______.
Decreases Increases
53
T/F: The area of stenosis has less energy than proximal to stenosis.
True
54
Distal to a stenosis, the pressure energy _______ and kinetic energy _______.
Increase Decrease
55
The difference in pressure between two points in a vessel is called ________.
Pressure gradient (flow separation)
56
What causes flow separations?
A change in geometry of the vessel wall A change in direction of the vessel
57
Flow of a continuous (steady) nature throughout systole and diastole, feeding a dilated vascular bed is called _______ flow.
Low-resistance
58
Flow of a pulsatile nature is called ________ flow.
High resistance
59
What arteries are characterized by high-resistance flow?
ECA Subclavian Aorta Fasting SMA Iliac Extremities
60
What arteries are characterized by low-resistance flow?
ICA Vertebral Renal Celiac Splenic Hepatic
61
Is it normal to see a normally high-resistance biphasic or triphasic doppler signal become monophasic proximal to a stenosis?
Yes
62
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of a blood vessel
63
In response to vasoconstriction, the pulsatility of flow in medium-size and small arteries of the limbs ________.
Increases
64
In response to vasodilation, the pulsatility of flow in medium-size and small arteries of the limbs ________.
Decreases
65
What is vasodilaion?
Widening of a blood vessel
66
What is a cardiac arrhythmia?
Irregular heart beat
67
T/F: When determining the significance of a stenosis, calculation of a velocity ratio may be helpful.
true
68
What is the velocity ratio?
Highest ICA PSV/Distal CCA PSV
69
A double systolic peak may sometimes be referred to as ________.
Pulsus Bisferiens
70
T/F: Double systolic peak may be a normal finding in a young patient secondary to vessel wall compliance.
True
71
Regurgitation/Insufficiency of the aortic valve may result in:
Double systolic peak Pandiastolic flow reversal Significant flow reversal
72
A systemic decrease in peak velocities with a normal systolic upstroke usually represents a low ejection fraction secondary to __________.
Cardiomyopathy
73
What is cardiomyopathy?
Diseases of the heart muscle
74
With high cardiac output, PSV measurements may __________ the degree of stenosis in these cases.
Overestimate
75
With low cardiac output, PSV measurements may __________ the degree of stenosis in these cases.
Underestimate
76
With stenosis of the aortic valve, PSV may _______ a stenosis.
Underestimate
77
What is used to provide temporary assistance with left ventricular contraction by decreasing afterload?
Intra-Aortic balloon pump
78
What is the purpose of the intra-aortic balloon pump?
Increase coronary artery blood flow
79
With intra-aortic balloon pumps, PSV measurements may _________ the degree of stenosis.
Underestimate
80
T/F: A ventricular device provides aid to a patient in heart failure.
True
81
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) is implanted with one end attached to the ____________ and the other end attached to the ______.
Left Ventricle Aorta
82
Which flow pump is most commonly used with LVAD?
Continuous flow pump
83
Which flow pump results in arterial flow that is non pulsatile?
Continuous flow pump
84
What are the two types of flow pumps?
Continuous Pulsatile
85
With ventricular assist devices, peak systolic measurements may __________ the degree of stenosis.
Underestimate
86
What is the device used for both left and right ventricular assist?
Biventricular assist device
87
The most common finding suggestive of a cardiac abnormality is ______________________________.
A pulsatile venous doppler signal in the lower extrmity
88
T/F: Increased systemic pulsatility is consistent with elevated pressure in the right side of the heart.
True Can be related to: Chronic venous insufficiency, heart failure, tricuspid valve regurgitation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, primary pulmonary hypertension, and renal failure.
89
Exercise should induce ______.
Peripheral Vasodilation Dilation of blood vessels outside of the brain (Ex: arms, legs,, etc)
90
The resistance of blood flow caused by the ever-decreasing size of the vessel , especially in microcirculation is called _________.
Peripheral resistance
91
T/F: Exercise is probably the best single vasodilator of high-resistance vessels within skeletal muscle.
True
92
Flow to a cool, vasoconstricted extremity with have _________ flow.
Pulsatile
93
Flow to a warm, vasodilated extremity with have _________ flow.
Continuous
94
A stenosis usually becomes hemodynamically significant when the cross-sectional area of the lumen is reduced ______, which corresponds to a diameter reduction of ____.
75% 50%
95
In hemodynamically significant stenosis, both pressure and volume _______.
Decrease
96
T/F: Post stenotic turbulence is typically seen at the exit from the stenosis.
True

Davies Vascular Technology 5th Edition (3 decks)

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