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Davies Vascular Technology 5th Edition > Physiology of Fluid Dynamics > Flashcards

Physiology of Fluid Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

A multibranched elastic conduit that carries blood away from the heart and outward to the most distant tissues is called the _________ system.

A

Arterial

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2
Q

The stroke volume is ___________________.

A

The amount of blood ejected

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3
Q

Increase heart rate=______ blood volume

A

Increase

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4
Q

The heart pump generates _________ energy.

A

pressure/Potential energy

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5
Q

What three things change as the wave move through the arterial system?

A

Propagation speed
Shape
Strength

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6
Q

What is the route of blood flow?

A

Left Ventricle
Aorta
Large arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Large veins
Vena Cava
Right atrium

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7
Q

T/F: The pressure gradient is necessary to maintain flow.

A

True

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8
Q

Cardiac output governs the amount of _______ that enters the arterial system.

A

blood

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9
Q

__________ and _____________ determines the volume of blood that leaves the arterial system.

A

Arterial pressure
Total peripheral resistance

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10
Q

Where is pressure at its greatest?

A

the heart

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11
Q

What is the word for pressure difference?

A

Gradient

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12
Q

The movement of any fluid medium between two points requires two things:

A
  1. A route
  2. A difference in energy
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13
Q

The volume of flow depends on the ________ difference between two points.

A

net energy

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14
Q

resistance and flow rate are __________ related.

A

Inversely

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15
Q

The main form of energy present in flowing blood is called ________.

A

Pressure energy

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16
Q

The ability of flowing blood to do work as a result its velocity is called _________.
(the energy an object has because of its motion)

A

Kinetic energy

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17
Q

This energy is measured in millimeters of mercury…..

A

Gravitational energy

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18
Q

In supine position, at the level of the ankle, hydrostatic pressure is 0 mmHg, and mean arterial pressure is _____ mmHg.

A

95

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19
Q

In standing position, at the level of the ankle, hydrostatic pressure is 100 mmHg, and mean arterial pressure is ________ mmHg.

A

195

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20
Q

The reference point for zero pressure is in _____________.

A

The right atrium of the heart.

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21
Q

The greatest amount of energy is produced at _________, where the greatest velocities are observed.

A

Peak systole

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22
Q

The type of flow thought to exist in many vessels is called _______.

A

Laminar flow

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23
Q

What are the two forms of laminar flow?

A

Parabolic
Plug

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24
Q

What is another name for artery?

A

Conduit

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25
Q

_______ is the thickness of a fluid.

A

Viscocity

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26
Q

Viscosity and Velocity are __________ related.

A

Inversely

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27
Q

Elevated Hematocrit (More RBC per volume of plasma) is an examples of ________ viscosity in the circulatory system.

A

High

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28
Q

Examples of low viscocity:

A

Low Hematocrit
Anemia

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29
Q

Normal hematocrit values:

A

37%-47% females
42%-52% males

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30
Q

What affects resistance?

A

Viscosity
vessel length
Vessel diameter

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31
Q

What is the equation for resistance?

A

R=8nL
DIVIDED BY
Pi r to the 4th power

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32
Q

________ law defines the relationship between volume flow (Q), Pressure (P), and Resistance (R).

A

Poiseuille’s law

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33
Q

Q=P/R is what law?

A

Poiseuille’s law

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34
Q

Which law helps figure out how much fluid is moving through a vessel?

A

Poiseuille’s law

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35
Q

Poiseuille’s law combined with resistance equation becomes:

A

Q=(p1-p2)pi r squared/8nL

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36
Q

What is the equation for pi?

A

3.1416

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37
Q

Vessel radius and Resistance are __________ related.

A

Inversely

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38
Q

What are the equations for ohms law?

A

Q=P/R
I=E/R

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39
Q

What is it called when continuous distinct streamlines break up and form small circular currents?

A

Eddy currents and vortices

40
Q

Flow volume and pressure are ________ related only up to a certain point.

A

Directly

41
Q

T/F: When flow changes from stable to disturbed, an increase in pressure no longer increases flow volume.

A

True

42
Q

Reynolds number is a __________ number.

A

Dimensionless

43
Q

What is the reynolds number equation?

A

Re=Vp2r/n

44
Q

The development of turbulence depends mainly on _________________________.

A

Size of vessel
Velocity of flow

45
Q

Laminar flow becomes disturbed when the reynolds number exceed ______.

A

2000

46
Q

What can cause flow disturbance at low values?

A

Body movement
Pulsatility of blood flow
Irregularities of the vessel wall
Plaque

47
Q

________ may cause vessel walls to vibrate; causing bruit.

A

Turbulance

48
Q

The total energy contained in moving fluid is ____________.

A

The sum of potential

49
Q

Bernolulli equation shows the velocity and pressure are ______ related.

A

Inversely

50
Q

In the region proximal to a stenosis, the pressure energy is ________ and the kinetic energy is _______.

A

Higher
Lower

51
Q

The _______ region to a stenosis has the highest total energy sum.

A

Proximal

52
Q

As blood flow into a stenosis, the pressure energy ______ and kinetic energy ______.

A

Decreases
Increases

53
Q

T/F: The area of stenosis has less energy than proximal to stenosis.

A

True

54
Q

Distal to a stenosis, the pressure energy _______ and kinetic energy _______.

A

Increase
Decrease

55
Q

The difference in pressure between two points in a vessel is called ________.

A

Pressure gradient (flow separation)

56
Q

What causes flow separations?

A

A change in geometry of the vessel wall
A change in direction of the vessel

57
Q

Flow of a continuous (steady) nature throughout systole and diastole, feeding a dilated vascular bed is called _______ flow.

A

Low-resistance

58
Q

Flow of a pulsatile nature is called ________ flow.

A

High resistance

59
Q

What arteries are characterized by high-resistance flow?

A

ECA
Subclavian
Aorta
Fasting SMA
Iliac
Extremities

60
Q

What arteries are characterized by low-resistance flow?

A

ICA
Vertebral
Renal
Celiac
Splenic
Hepatic

61
Q

Is it normal to see a normally high-resistance biphasic or triphasic doppler signal become monophasic proximal to a stenosis?

A

Yes

62
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of a blood vessel

63
Q

In response to vasoconstriction, the pulsatility of flow in medium-size and small arteries of the limbs ________.

A

Increases

64
Q

In response to vasodilation, the pulsatility of flow in medium-size and small arteries of the limbs ________.

A

Decreases

65
Q

What is vasodilaion?

A

Widening of a blood vessel

66
Q

What is a cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Irregular heart beat

67
Q

T/F: When determining the significance of a stenosis, calculation of a velocity ratio may be helpful.

A

true

68
Q

What is the velocity ratio?

A

Highest ICA PSV/Distal CCA PSV

69
Q

A double systolic peak may sometimes be referred to as ________.

A

Pulsus Bisferiens

70
Q

T/F: Double systolic peak may be a normal finding in a young patient secondary to vessel wall compliance.

A

True

71
Q

Regurgitation/Insufficiency of the aortic valve may result in:

A

Double systolic peak
Pandiastolic flow reversal
Significant flow reversal

72
Q

A systemic decrease in peak velocities with a normal systolic upstroke usually represents a low ejection fraction secondary to __________.

A

Cardiomyopathy

73
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Diseases of the heart muscle

74
Q

With high cardiac output, PSV measurements may __________ the degree of stenosis in these cases.

A

Overestimate

75
Q

With low cardiac output, PSV measurements may __________ the degree of stenosis in these cases.

A

Underestimate

76
Q

With stenosis of the aortic valve, PSV may _______ a stenosis.

A

Underestimate

77
Q

What is used to provide temporary assistance with left ventricular contraction by decreasing afterload?

A

Intra-Aortic balloon pump

78
Q

What is the purpose of the intra-aortic balloon pump?

A

Increase coronary artery blood flow

79
Q

With intra-aortic balloon pumps, PSV measurements may _________ the degree of stenosis.

A

Underestimate

80
Q

T/F: A ventricular device provides aid to a patient in heart failure.

A

True

81
Q

Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) is implanted with one end attached to the ____________ and the other end attached to the ______.

A

Left Ventricle
Aorta

82
Q

Which flow pump is most commonly used with LVAD?

A

Continuous flow pump

83
Q

Which flow pump results in arterial flow that is non pulsatile?

A

Continuous flow pump

84
Q

What are the two types of flow pumps?

A

Continuous
Pulsatile

85
Q

With ventricular assist devices, peak systolic measurements may __________ the degree of stenosis.

A

Underestimate

86
Q

What is the device used for both left and right ventricular assist?

A

Biventricular assist device

87
Q

The most common finding suggestive of a cardiac abnormality is ______________________________.

A

A pulsatile venous doppler signal in the lower extrmity

88
Q

T/F: Increased systemic pulsatility is consistent with elevated pressure in the right side of the heart.

A

True
Can be related to: Chronic venous insufficiency, heart failure, tricuspid valve regurgitation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, primary pulmonary hypertension, and renal failure.

89
Q

Exercise should induce ______.

A

Peripheral Vasodilation
Dilation of blood vessels outside of the brain (Ex: arms, legs,, etc)

90
Q

The resistance of blood flow caused by the ever-decreasing size of the vessel , especially in microcirculation is called _________.

A

Peripheral resistance

91
Q

T/F: Exercise is probably the best single vasodilator of high-resistance vessels within skeletal muscle.

A

True

92
Q

Flow to a cool, vasoconstricted extremity with have _________ flow.

A

Pulsatile

93
Q

Flow to a warm, vasodilated extremity with have _________ flow.

A

Continuous

94
Q

A stenosis usually becomes hemodynamically significant when the cross-sectional area of the lumen is reduced ______, which corresponds to a diameter reduction of ____.

A

75%
50%

95
Q

In hemodynamically significant stenosis, both pressure and volume _______.

A

Decrease

96
Q

T/F: Post stenotic turbulence is typically seen at the exit from the stenosis.

A

True

Davies Vascular Technology 5th Edition (3 decks)

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