Physiology of Bones, Muslces, and Tendons Flashcards
What are the five types of bones?
- Sesamoid
- Flat
- Long
- Short
- Irregular
Give an example of a sesamoid bone
Patella
Give an example of a flat bone
Skullcap
Give an example of a long bone
Femur
Give an example of a short bone
Calcaneus
Give an example of an Irregular bone
Vertebrae
What is Yellow Bone Marrow?
It is involved in the storage of fats, also contains stem cells which can develop into bone, fat, or muscle cells.
Yellow marrow gradually replaces red marrow as you age
What is Red Bone Marrow?
Involved in hematopoesis (production of blood cells) and is found in the spongy bone.
Contains stem cells which stimulate hematopoesis
What is Spongy bone?
It is a type of bone characterised by a a lattice like matrix network called trabeculae, giving it a porous/spongy appearance. Is is usually found at the end of long bones (epiphysis).
It is highly vascularised and contains red bone marrow
What is Compact bone?
type of bone made up of Osteons - matrix tubes called lamellae. Blood vessels run through haversian canals.
What are Haversian Canals?
Tubes within the osteons that blood vessels run through in the compact bone.
What is the Periosteum?
Hard double layer membrane made up of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
What are Osteoblasts?
Cells that synthesize bone tissue
What are Osteoclasts?
Cells that break down bone tissue
What is the Diaphysis?
The central shaft to a long bone, lying between the Epiphysis
Outer walls of the Diaphysis are composed of Compact bone
What is the Medullary Cavity?
A cavity within long bones, filled with yellow bone marrow
What is the Epiphysis?
The bone ends of a Long bone
They contain spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
What is the Epiphysial Line?
A disc of Hyaline cartilage through the Epiphysis
What are properties of Skeletal Muscle?
- Striated - under a microscope it appears striped
- Voluntary Movement - contracts and relaxes by conscious controlled body movements
- Attachment - attached to bone, sometimes other muscles and tissue
- Form - shape and structure are influenced by function
- Contraction - to produce movement not all fibres are activated, the greater the effort required, the more fibres will become activated.
What is Epimysium?
Connective tissue that surrounds fibres in Sketal Muscle
What is a Fascicle?
A bundle of Muscle fibres
What is Myofibril?
The contractile element of Skeletal Muscle
Made up of small fibres called Sarcomeres
What are characteristics of Concentric contraction?
- Muscle Shortening
- Acceleration
- Lower force generated
What are characteristics of Eccentric contraction?
- Muscle lengthening
- deceleration
- high force generated
What are characteristics of Isometric contraction?
- Muscle remains same length
2. No Movement Occurs
What are Tendons, and some of their properties?
- Tough white fibrous chords
- Resilient to extension, but flexible so can angulate around bones and other surfaces
- Stronger than muscles
- Poor blood supply, therefore slow to heal
What fibre mainly makes up Tendons?
Collagen
What is a Fossa?
A depression in a bone
What is an epicondyle?
A projection above an articulating surface of bone
What is a sulcus?
A groove/fissure or depression between parts
