Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RRY2HAEM > Physiology of Blood Cells and Haematological Terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of Blood Cells and Haematological Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What are all blood cells ultimate derived from?

A

multipotent haematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two lineages can this give rise to?

A

Lymphoid Stem Cells

Myeloid Stem Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells are derived from the multipotent myeloid precursor?

A

Megakaryocytes
Granulocyte-Monocyte
Erythroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are derived from the multipotent lymphoid precursor?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some common features of blasts?

A

They have a large nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm

Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells give rise to blasts eg myeloblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the colour of red cells change as they mature?

A

When they are immature they are more blue/purple
As they mature they become pinker
– blue tinge to cytoplasm– young POLYCHORMASIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is EPO used for?Which cells produce EPO? What can trigger the production of EPO?

A

Erythropoiesis
EPO is mainly produced in the kidneys by the juxtatubular interstitial cells (90%)
10% liver– heaptocyte and interstitial cells
EPO production is stimulated by hypoxia or anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell? What is it destroyed by?

A

120 days

Phagocytic cells of spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define anisocytosis and poikilocytosis

A 
Anisocytosis = red cells show more variation in SIZE than is normal (latin for aniso= uneven)
Poikilocytosis = red cells show more variation in SHAPE than is normal (poikilo=variation/uneven)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can be used as a reference in a blood film to determine whether the red blood cells are microcytic or macrocytic?

A

Lymphocytes are generally all the same size and are used as a reference.

Normally RBCs are a bit smaller than lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define hypochromia.

A

The red cells have a larger area of central pallor than normal
NOTE: normal red cells have a central pallor that covers around 1/3 of the red cell diameter
NOTE: hypochromia and microcytosis tend to go together as they are both caused by reduced Hb synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define hyperchromia.

A

The red cells lack a central pallor– normal rbc have a pale centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State two important types of hyperchromatic cells.

A

Spherocytes

Irregularly Contracted Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is responsible for the round shape of the spherocytes in spherocytosis?

A

It is caused by a loss of cell membrane that is not accompanied by an equivalent loss of cytoplasm (inadequate attachment between cytoskeleton and membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State a cause of spherocytosis.

A

Hereditary spherocytosis– but not all the cells are spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do irregularly contracted cells differe in appearance from normal rbc? What usually causes the formation of irregularly contracted cells?

A

Irregulat in outline, smaller and no central pallor

Oxidant damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define polychromasia.

A

An increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a cell– INDICATES CELL IS YOUNG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can reticulocytes (IMMATURE RBC) be stained with?

A

Methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

State six different types of poikilocytosis.

A 
Spherocytes  
Elliptocytes 
Fragments 
Irregularly contracted cells  
Target cells  
Sickle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are target cells? State some causes of target cells in the blood film.

A

Target cells have an accumulation of haemoglobin in the middle of the central pallor
It is caused by obstructive jaundice, hyposplenism, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

State two causes of eliptocytosis.

A 
Hereditary eliptocytosis  
Iron deficiency (also hypochromic)
22
Q

What biochemical phenomenon causes the sickling of red blood cells?

A

Polymerisation of haemoglobin S when present in a high concentration

23
Q

What is another name for fragments?

A

Schistocytes

24
Q

State two different ways in which red blood cells can clump together and describe why they happen.

A

Rouleaux – like a stack of coins – it is caused by a change in plasma proteins pushing the red cells together
Agglutinates – irregular clumps – caused by antibodies on the cell surface making the cells stick together

25
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly Body and what is it usually caused by?

A

This is a nuclear remnant in the red cells
This is most commonly caused by a lack of splenic function (the spleen should remove these tiny bits of nuclear material)

26
Q

Which cytokines are important in the for the process of multipotent haemopoietic stem cell –> myeloblast+monoblast
monoblast–> granulocytes and monocytes

A

G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
M-CSF macrophage CSF
GM-CSF granulocyt-macrophage csf
Interleukins

27
Q

How long do neutrophils survive for in the circulation?

A

7-10 hours

28
Q

What is the main role of eosinophils?

eosinophil granulocytes arise from what?

A

Parasitic infections.

Myeloblast

29
Q

Describe the shape of the nucleus of an eosinophil.

Time in circulation compared to neutrophil

A

Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus

less time in circulation than neutrophil

30
Q

What is the main role of basophils?

Basophil granulocytes arise form

A

They are involve in the allergic response, histamine release etc

Myeloblast

31
Q

Describe the appearance of basophils.

A

They have lots of dark blue dots in the cytoplasm (granules)
Often there are so many blue dots that you can’t even see the nucleus

32
Q

Describe the appearance of monocytes.

Arise from

Time spent in circulation

A

They have a kidney bean shaped nucleus
They are large

Myeoloid stem cells–> Monoblasts–> promonocytes–> monocytes

SevERL DAYS

33
Q

Other than phagocytosis, what is another role of macrophages? apart from differentiating into macrophages they also differentiate into?

A

They store and release iron

histiocytes

34
Q

How long do platelets survive for in the circulation?

Arise from

Role of platelets

A

10 days

Haematopoietic stem cells

primary haemostasis and contribute phospholipid which promotes blood coagulation

35
Q

What term is used to describe having too many white blood cells?

A

Leucocytosis

36
Q

What term is used to describe having too many platelets?

A

Thrombocytosis

37
Q

Describe the appearance of an atypical lymphocyte. What can cause these to appear in a blood film?

A

An atypical lymphocyte will have a large nucleus and a large amount of faint cytoplasm
This is typical of having a viral infection and is seen in glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)

38
Q

What is toxic granulation? What can cause it?

A

This is the heavy granulation of neutrophils
It results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis
It is also a feature of normal pregnancy

39
Q

What is hypersegmentation of neutrophils? What can cause it?

A

Neutrophil hypersegmentation means that there is an increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (normal= 3 or 4 lobes)
It usually results from a lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

40
Q

Macrocyte and microcytes are

A

Red blood cells

41
Q

Different types of macrocytes

A

Round
Oval– Significant vit b12/ folic acid deficiency
Polychromatic macrocytes– lots of young cells in circulation

42
Q

What is a left shift

A

Left shift means that there is an increase in non-segmented neutrophils or that there are neutrophil precursors in the blood
Neutrophil goes back to looking more like monoblasts

43
Q

Essential stem cell characteristics

A

Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny
Ability to divide into two cells with different characteristics, one another stem cell and the other a cell capable of differentiating to mature progeny

44
Q

How do rbc arise

A

The myeloid stem cell/precursor can give rise to a proerythroblast
This in turn gives rise to erythroblasts and then erythrocytes

45
Q

size difference between reticulocytes and rbc

A

Reticulocytes are larger

46
Q

Leucocytosis

A

Too many white cells

47
Q

Leucopenia

A

too few white cells

48
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Too many neutrophils

49
Q

Neutropenia

A

Too little neutropils

50
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Too many lymphocytes

51
Q

Atypical lymphocyte

A

Abnormal lymphocyte

Often the term is used to describe the abnormal cells present in infectious mononucleosis (‘glandular fever’)
‘Atypical mononuclear cell’ is an alternative term

RRY2HAEM (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions