Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RRY2HAEM > Blood transfusion > Flashcards

Blood transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

where does donated blood come from?

A

Human source only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is donated blood a scarce resource?

A

1 donor can only give 1 pint/unit maximum every 4 months
9000 units of blood are needed every day in the UK
Only has a shelf life of 5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When are blood transfusions used?

A

Massive bleeding
Anaemic
Only when no alternative is available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In terms of blood group what does everyone have on red cell membrane?

A

Common H stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do you have if you’re in blood group O?

A

Only the common H stem, no A or B antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do you have if you’re in blood group A or B?

A

Common H stem and A or B antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are the A and B antigens formed?

A

Adding one or the other sugar residues onto a common glycoprotein and fructose stem on the red cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What determines the antigens?

A

Corresponding genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the enzyme that A gene codes for do?

A

Adds N-acetyl galactosamine onto common glycoprotein and fructose stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the enzyme that B gene codes for do?

A

Adds galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In terms of dominance, what are A and B?

A

Codominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In terms of dominance what is O?

A

Recessive- doesn’t code for anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In terms of antibodies what will each person have?

A

Each person will have antibodies against anything that isn’t on the own red cells (they are IgM class)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When are these antibodies formed?

A

From birth naturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean that these antibodies are complete?

A

They fully activate the complement cascade to cause haemolysis of red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What would happen if someone was given blood of an incompatible blood group?

A

It would be fatal- cytokine storm, lysis, cardiovascular collapse and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do they test your blood group in a laboratory?

A

IgM antibodies interact with corresponding antigens to cause agglutination so if group B blood was mixed with group A cells, agglutination would occur so you know he’s not group A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the frequency of blood group A in the UK?

A

42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the frequency of blood group B in the UK?

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the frequency of blood group O in the UK?

A

47%

21
Q

What is the frequency of blood group AB in the UK?

A

3%

22
Q

What does RhD positive mean?

A

You have the D antigen on the cell membrane

23
Q

What are the genes for RhD groups?

A

D- codes for D antigen and is dominant

d- codes for no antigen and is recessive

24
Q

What genotype do you have if you are RhD negative?

A

dd

25
Q

What percentage of people are RhD positive?

A

85%

26
Q

What blood group is safe for everyone?

A

O negative

27
Q

What blood group can only given to people of that blood group?

A

AB positive

28
Q

When does someone that is RhD negative make anti-D antibodies?

A

After exposure to RhD antigen

29
Q

What are the implications of anti-D antibody formation?

A

Future blood transfusions have to be RhD negative otherwise would cause delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction
Haemolytic disease of newborn- foetus is RhD positive, anti-D antibodies cross placenta and cause haemolysis in foetus and can cause hydrops fetalis and death

30
Q

What is hydrops fetalis?

A

Accumulation of fluid in foetal tissues or body cavities, most severe form- excessive fluid in peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity and pericardial cavities and soft tissue (oedema)

31
Q

What is in the bag when blood is taken?

A

Anticoagulant

32
Q

Why is whole blood no longer routinely given to patients?

A

Parts are used because:
More efficient- less is wasted
Some components degenerate quickly if stored as whole blood
Putting blood in fridge isn’t good for coagulation factors and platelets

33
Q

How do you separate blood into parts?

A

Centrifugation

34
Q

What is fresh frozen plasma?

A

When you freeze the plasma within 6 hours of donation, preserving all coagulation factors

35
Q

If you take fresh frozen plasma and thaw it overnight in a 4 celsius fridge?

A

It will separate out into cryoprecipitate at the bottom and some supernatant on top

36
Q

What is cryoprecipitate a very concentrated form of?

A 
Fibrinogen (factor 1)
Factor 8
Von Willebrand Factor
Factor 13
Fibronectin
37
Q

What else you can do with plasma?

A

Put it in a fractionating column and pull of things like albumin and haemophilia factors and anti-D antibodies
This isn’t done in the UK

38
Q

What temperature is fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate stored at?

A

-30 celsius

39
Q

What is the shelf life of FFP and cryoprecipitate?

A

2 years

40
Q

When is FFP used?

A

Bleeding and abnormal coagulation test results

Reversal of warfarin (which inhibits factor 2, 7, 9 and 10)

41
Q

When is cryoprecipitate used?

A

Massive bleeding and fibrinogen is low

42
Q

What temperature are platelets stored at and what is their shelf life?

A

Room temperature and 5 days but have to be constantly agitated

43
Q

Do you need to give platelet that match the blood group?

A

Yes- Wrong group would be destroyed quickly and could cause RhD sensitisation

44
Q

When are platelets used?

A

Most haematology patients with bone marrow failure
Massive bleeding
DIC
Low platelets and patient needs surgery

45
Q

How do you keep blood safe for patients?

A

Test for infections and questioning for risk behaviour

46
Q

How do you prevent harm to donors?

A

Questioning them to exclude risky ones- e.g. heat problems

47
Q

What infections must all blood be tested for?

A 
Hep B
Hep C
HIV
HTLV
Syphilis
CMV
48
Q

What is the problem with testing for infections and what do you have to do as a result of this?

A

Window period of infections where tests will not show positive
You have to exclude high risk donors and use voluntary unpaid donors

RRY2HAEM (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions