Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main types of stem cell in the bone marrow?

A
  1. Pluripotent haemopoietic

2. Pluripotent lymphoid-myeloid

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2
Q

Recall the pathway of blood cell production from pluripotent haemotopoeitic stem cells

A

PHSC –> multipotent myeloid stem cell (MYELOBLAST) –> erythrocyte/ megakaryocyte/ granulocytes/ monocytes

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3
Q

Recall the pathway of blood cell production from pluripotent lymphoid-myeloid stem cell

A

PLMSC –> lymphoid stem cell (LYMPHOBLAST) –> T/B/ NK cell

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4
Q

What are the 2 pathways of stem cells following division?

A
  1. Self-renew

2. Produce mature progeny

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5
Q

Recall the location of erythropoietin production and the relative amounts produced in each location

A

90% - juxtatubular interstitial cells in kidney

10% - hepatocytes and liver interstitial cells

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6
Q

How is erythropoietin destroyed?

A

Phagocytic spleen cells

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7
Q

What 2 conditions can increase erythropoietin production?

A

Anaemia

Hypoxia

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8
Q

What is the intravascular life span of neutrophils?

A

7-10 hours

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9
Q

How are neutrophils attracted to sites of inflammation?

A

Chemotaxis (cytokines)

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10
Q

What is the main role of eosinophils?

A

Protection against parasitic infection

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11
Q

What is the main role of basophils?

A

Allergy

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12
Q

What is the origin of monocytes?

A

Myeloblasts

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13
Q

Recall the 2 functions of monocytes

A
  1. Scavenger/ phagocytic function

2. Storage and release of iron

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14
Q

What sort of cells do monocytes give rise to in the liver?

A

Kuppfer cells

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15
Q

How long do platelets last in the circulation?

A

10 days

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16
Q

What are the 3 main roles of platelets in primary haemostatis?

A
  1. Contribution of phospholipid
  2. Maintain integrity of endothelium
  3. Plug formation
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17
Q

Recall the life span of lymphocytes

A

Highly variable

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18
Q

What is the immediate precursor of platelets?

A

megakaryocytes

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19
Q

Define “anisocytosis”

A

Red cells showing more variation in SIZE than is normal

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20
Q

Define “poiklocytosis”

A

Red cells showing more variation in SHAPE than is normal

21
Q

What is a “target cell”?

A

Red cell with an accumulation of Hb in the centre of the pale area

22
Q

Recall 4 causes of target cells in blood

A
  1. Obstructive jaundice
  2. Liver disease
  3. Haemaglobinopathy
  4. Hyposplenism
23
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly body and in what sort of cells do they appear?

A

Remnants of nucleus - target cell erythrocytes

24
Q

Give 2 causes of elliptocytic red cells

A
  1. Hereditary elliptocytosis

2. Iron deficiency

25
Q

What proportion of the red cell surface is “central pallor” in normal cells, and what terms are used to describe red cells that have a too high/ too low proportion of central pallor?

A

1/3

Hypochromia (too large an area) and hyperchromia (lack central pallor)

26
Q

What does hypochromia usually go together with?

A

Microcytosis

27
Q

What are the 2 main causes of hyperchromia?

A
  1. Spherocytes

2. irregularly contracted cells

28
Q

What causes spherocyte formation?

A

Loss of membrane without equivalent loss of cytoplasm

29
Q

What is the usual cause of irregularly contracted cells?

A

Oxidant damage to the cell membrane and Hb

30
Q

What is “polychromasia” and when is it seen?

A

Increased blue tinge to red cell cytoplasm

Indicates red cell is young

31
Q

What stain can be used to detect young cells?

A

Methylene blue

32
Q

What terminology is given to there being too much/ too many types of a type of blood cell?

A

Cytosis or philia

33
Q

What are the 2 methods of counting young cells?

A
  1. Count polychromatic cells

2. Methylene blue

34
Q

What is the cause of sickle cells?

A

Polymerisation of HbS when it’s in a high concentration

35
Q

What is a fragment of a red cell referred to as?

A

Schistocyte

36
Q

What is rouleaux?

A

Stacks of red cells

37
Q

What is rouleux the result of?

A

Alteration in plasma proteins that makes erythrocytes adherent (eg in multiple myeloma)

38
Q

How do agglutinates differ from rouleaux?

A

Irregular clumping

39
Q

What causes agglutinates to form?

A

IgM on surface

40
Q

Why are Howel-Jolly bodies linked to hyposlenism?

A

In a normally functionning spleen they are also produced but are removed by the spleen

41
Q

What are the terms used to refer to too many/ too few white cells?

A

Leucosytosis

Leucopenia

42
Q

What are the terms used to refer to too many/ too few neutrophils?

A

Neutropenia

Neutrophilia

43
Q

What are the terms used to refer to too many/ too few thrombocytes?

A

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytosis

44
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis?

A

Glandular fever

45
Q

What is left shift?

A

There are things in the blood from further back than there ought to be, more immature cells + band forms

46
Q

What might cause left shift?

A

Infection

47
Q

What pathology is toxic granulation a sign of, and when is it normal?

A

Infection

Pregnancy

48
Q

In someone with a B12/ folic acid deficiency, how might neutrophils appear?

A

Hypersegmented nuclei