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MCD Haematology > Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do all types of blood cell originate?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What are blood cell types derived from?

A

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What do pluripotent haemopoeitic stem cells give rise to?

A

Multipotent myeloid stem cells/precursor or lymphoid stem cells

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4
Q

What can multipoint myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

Granulocytes (monocytes)
Erythroid’s
Megakaryocytic
Proerythroblasts which give rise to erythroblasts and then erythrocytes

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5
Q

What can lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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6
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Process of producing red blood cells

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7
Q

What does erythropoiesis require?

A

Presence of erythropoietin

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8
Q

Where is erythropoietin synthesised?

A

Mainly the kidney- juxtatubular interstitial cells (90%)

10% by hepatocyte and interstitial cells of liver

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9
Q

What stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin?

A

Hypoxia

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10
Q

How long do erythrocytes survive in the blood stream?

A

120 days

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11
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

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12
Q

What ultimately destroys erythrocytes?

A

Phagocytic cells of the spleen

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13
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Red cells show more variation in size than normal

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14
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Red cells show more variation in shape than normal

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15
Q

What does microcytic mean?

A

Red cells that are smaller than normal

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16
Q

What does normocytic mean?

A

Red cells that are of a normal size

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17
Q

What does macrocytic mean?

A

Red cells that are larger than normal

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18
Q

What fraction of a normal red cells diameter is pale?

A

One third

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19
Q

Why is a part of a red cell pale?

A

Due to the disc shape, centre has less haemoglobin

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20
Q

What is hypochromia?

A

Larger area of central pallor than normal

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21
Q

What does hypochromia result from?

A

Lower haemoglobin content and concentration and the cell is flatter

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22
Q

What does hypochromia often occur with?

A

Microcytosis

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23
Q

What is hyperchromia?

A

Cell lacks central pallor

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24
Q

What does hyperchromia result from?

A

Cells being thicker than normal or abnormal shape

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25
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

Cells that are approximately spherical with a regular outline but lack central pallor

26
Q

What causes spherocytosis?

A

Loss of cell membrane without loss of an equivalent amount of cytoplasm so cell is forced to round up

27
Q

What are irregularly contracted cells?

A

Irregular in outline, smaller than normal and lack central pallor

28
Q

What does irregularly contracted cells normally result from?

A

Oxidant damage to the cell membrane and haemoglobin

29
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell

30
Q

What does polychromasia indicate?

A

The cell is young

31
Q

What is a common way to detect young cells?

A

A reticulocyte stain- exposes living red cells to new methylene blue which precipitates as a network or reticulum

32
Q

What are sickle cells?

A

Cells that are sickle or crescent shaped

33
Q

What causes sickle cells?

A

Polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present in a high concentration

34
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells with an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor (Look like a target)

35
Q

When do target cells occur?

A

Obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism

36
Q

What are eliptocytes?

A

Cells that are elliptical in shape

37
Q

When do eliptocytes occur?

A

Hereditary eliptocytosis and iron deficiency

38
Q

What are rouleaux?

A

Stacks of red cells (pile of coins)

39
Q

What are rouleaux due to?

A

Alterations in plasma proteins

40
Q

What are agglutinates?

A

Irregular clumps of red cells

41
Q

What do agglutinates result from?

A

Antibody on the surface of the cells

42
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly body?

A

Nuclear remnant in a red cell

43
Q

What is the commonest cause of Howell-Jolly body?

A

Lack of splenic function

44
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

Defence against infection, it phagocytoses and then kills micro-organisms

45
Q

How long do neutrophil granulocytes survive in circulation before migrating to tissues?

A

7-10 hours

46
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A

Defence against parasitic infection

47
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Allergic responses

48
Q

How long do monocytes spend in circulation?

A

Several days

49
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

When they migrate to tissues, they develop into macrophages and other specialised cells that have a phagocytic and scavenging function
They also store and release iron

50
Q

How long do platelets survive in circulation?

A

10 days

51
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Primary haemostats- contribute phospholipid which promotes blood coagulation

52
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

Too many white cells

53
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

Too few white cells

54
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Too many neutrophils

55
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Too few neutrophils

56
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Too many lymphocytes

57
Q

What is left shift?

A

Increase in non-segmented neutrophils or neutrophil precursors in the blood

58
Q

What is toxic granulation?

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils

59
Q

What does toxic granulation result from?

A

Infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis

60
Q

What is neutrophil hypersegmentation?

A

Increase in average number of neutrophil lobes or segments

61
Q

What does neutrophil hypersegmentation result from?

A

Lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

MCD Haematology (11 decks)

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