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KYCO 2020 1st Year, Block 5 > Physiology: Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Physiology: Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of normal function of the body and how the body maintains those normal functions

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Inputs change and produce error but outputs remain normal; requires input of energy

A

Homeostasis - steady state

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3
Q

How we sense and react to input changes

A

Feedback control

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4
Q

Output reduces initial error (reduces input)

System is generally good

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

Output is the same as the initial change (leads to an EVENT)

System is generally bad

A

Positive feedback

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6
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

Ovulation

Clot formation

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7
Q

What do feedback mechanisms regulate?

A

Health

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8
Q

What happens when errors exceed the ability of the control system to adjust?

A

Disease and pathology occur; body will attempt to compensate for any deviation from set point
(Ex: drinking more and more and more water where your body can’t get rid of it all anymore and it begins diluting your blood and everything else, causing many problems)

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9
Q

When is compensation never complete?

A

As long as the error signal still exists

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10
Q

What is the bodies best response?

A

Full compensation (normal function may not be restored)

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11
Q

What happens to compensatory mechanisms as time progresses?

A

They break down or initiate changes that lead to pathology and disease

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12
Q

Normal serum potassium levels

A

Roughly 4 mEq/L

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13
Q

Pathological range of normal serum potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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14
Q

Pathological potassium levels (death)

A

Less than 2.5 mEq/L

Greater than 5 mEq/L

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15
Q

What can cause pathological potassium?

A
  • Progressive change in electrical activity (heart)

- As little as 1 mEq/L change can lead to death

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16
Q

Pt presents with macular edema; they are overweight, drink a lot of soda, and has diabetes. What’s the outcome?

A

Pt needs to get diabetes under control or he’ll lose his eyesight. This re establishes his normal homeostasis physiology and everything else gets better.

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17
Q

Q: What type of feedback is this?

A –> B –> C -x-> A

A

Negative feedback

Because output feeds back on A to stop release

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18
Q

Q: Pt presents with abnormally high levels of B and C, but low levels of A. What is the likely defect?
A –> B –> C-x-> A

A

Tumor secretion of B

Cut tumor out to come back to homeostasis

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19
Q

Water is about how much of body weight?

A

60%

Avg = 50% to 70%

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20
Q

Variations of water per body weight?

A

Age
Race
Gender (male’s have more, typically)
Fitness level

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21
Q

Average percent of water per body weight in males: Adult? Elderly?

A

Adult: 70% BW
Elderly: 50% BW

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22
Q

Average percent of water per body weight in females: Adult? Elderly?

A

Adult: 50% BW
Elderly: 45% BW

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23
Q

What is water weight inversely correlated with?

A

Body fat

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24
Q

What is the ratio of intracellular fluid (ICF) to total body water (TBW)?

A

IDF is 2/3 of TBW (27L)

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25
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A
  • Fluid inside ALL the cells of the body
  • Maintained by the cell membrane
  • Allows all salutes to be dissolved in the same medium (allows metabolic reactions to occur)
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26
Q

What is the ratio of extracellular fluid (ECF) to total body water (TBW)?

A

ECF is 1/3 of TBW (13L)

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27
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A
  • Fluid OUTSIDE of cells

- Split into 2 compartments by the capillary wall (Interstitial fluid and Plasma)

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28
Q

What are the 2 compartments of extracellular fluid that are split by the capillary wall? How much of the ECF do they account for?

A

1) Interstitial fluid - fluid around cells - 3/4 of ECF (10L)
2) Plasma - fluid portion of blood - 1/4 of ECF (3L)

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29
Q

What is the difference between ECF and ICF?

A
  • They are different in composition
  • -ICF is MOSTLY potassium and proteins
  • -ECF is MOSTLY sodium and chloride
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30
Q

What are the similarities between ECF and ICF?

A

They are balanced in charge and amount of dissolved stuff (isotonic and electroneutroal=no charge differential)

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31
Q

Number of whole molecules in water

A

mM (1 mM NaCl = 1 mmol of NaCl in 1L of water)

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32
Q

Number of ions in water; When is it important?

A

mOsm (1 mM NaCl = 1 mOsm of Na and 1 mOsm of Cl = 2 total mOsm)

  • Imp when considering concentration gradients
  • If non-dissociable (glucose) then mMol = mOsm
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33
Q

Charge of dissociated ions; When is it important?

A

mEq (1 mOsm of Na = 1 mEq of Na, 1 mOsm of Ca2 = 2 mEq of Ca2)
-Imp when considering electrochemical gradients

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34
Q

Logarithmic scale used to measure H (ACID) ions

A

pH (pH = -log[H])

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35
Q

What is the basis for communication between ICF and ECF dependent on?

A

K (potassium) gradient

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36
Q

What is the proper absorption of nutrients between ICF and ECF dependent on?

A

Na (sodium) gradient

37
Q

What does the movement of muscles between ICF and ECF require?

A

Movement of Ca2 (calcium)

38
Q

What is compartment content based on?

A

Membrane permeability

39
Q

Is the capillary membrane selective or non selective? Explain why

A

Non-selective

  • It filters based on size
  • No proteins (albumin, RBC’s, etc) in interstitial fluid because THEY STAY INSIDE THE CELLS!!!
40
Q

Is the cell membrane selective or non selective? Explain why

A 
VERY selective (few things cross without help)
-Small, non-polar salutes can diffuse across the membrane
41
Q

What small, non-polar salutes can diffuse across the cell membrane?

A
  • O2
  • CO2
  • Ethanol
  • Steroid hormones
  • Water (polar, but is special)
  • *Everything else needs help
42
Q

How do materials (except for the small, non-polar solutes that diffuse across) cross the cell membrane?

A
  • Use channels

- Utilize transport proteins

43
Q

What are channels (in the cell membrane)?

A

Holes in the membrane for specific solutes to move ALONG THE GRADIENT

44
Q

How do materials utilize the transport proteins in the cell membrane?

A
  • Large solutes/proteins can move WITH THE GRADIENT

- Solutes/proteins can also move AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

45
Q

Movement of stuff that is with the gradient. Is there energy used or no? Give examples

A
  • Passive transport
  • No
  • -Diffusion
  • -Facilitated diffusion
  • *Pass with
46
Q

Movement of stuff that is against the gradient. Is there energy used or no? Give examples

A
  • Active transport
  • Yes; enzymes are required
  • -Primary active
  • -Secondary active
  • *Active against
47
Q

Movement of solutes from area of higher to lower concentration; random movement; faster with temp and concentration gradient; can utilize a channel if non-permeant

A

Diffusion (passive transport)

48
Q

Type of transport when carrier proteins bind to and move specific non-permeant solutes across membranes.

A

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

49
Q

J=PA(Ca-Cb)

A

Rate of diffusion calculation (Diffusion Gradient)
J = rate of diffusion (cm/sec) (“amt of movement per sec”)
P = permeability (cm/sec)
A = surface area for diffusion
Ca-Cb = difference in concentration of two solutes (mmol/L)

50
Q

EXAMPLE:
Solution A&B are separated by 2 cm^2 of membrane that is permeable only to urea. Its permeability was measured at 5x10^-5 cm/sec. The partition coefficient of urea is 10^-3, as measured in an oil-water mixture. The urea concentration of solution A is 10 mg/ml while solution B is 1 mg/ml. What is the initial diffusion rate of urea and in what direction will it move?

A

J=PA(Ca-Cb)
J=5x10^-5cm/sec X 2cm^2 (10mg/ml - 1mg/ml)
J=9x10^-4mg/sec and the urea will move from Soln A to Soln B

51
Q

QUESTION:
Solution A&B are separated by 4 cm^2 of membrane that is permeable only to calcium. Its permeability was measured at 2.76x10^-5 cm/sec. The partition coefficient of calcium is 10^-8, as measured in an oil-water mixture. The urea concentration of solution A is 10 mg/ml while solution B is 1 mg/ml. What is the initial diffusion rate of urea and in what direction will it move?

A

No movement will occur!!
If the membrane is not permeable to a solute, it can NOT diffuse across the membrane! Pay attention to the solutes being used!

52
Q

Active transport:

1) Does or does not require energy?
- If it does, what does it use for this energy?
2) Includes what names?
3) Moves a solute how?

A

1) Requires energy!!
- Uses ATP
2) Names usually include ATPase, -porter or exchanger
3) Always moves a solute AGAINST its gradient

53
Q

Directions that active transporters can move one or more molecules in varying directions

A
  • Symport (cotransport)

- Antiport/exchanger (contertransport)

54
Q

Moves Na and glucose into cell in small intestine and kidney; movement is in same direction; SGLT (Na-glucose transporter 1)

***VERY IMPORTANT!!!!

A

Symport (Cotransport)

55
Q

Moves Ca2 out and Na into cell; Usually in excitable cells (retina); moves in opposite direction; NCX (Na - Ca2 exchanger)

A

Antiport/exchanger (cotransport)

56
Q

How are distinctions made for active transport?

A

They are made on WHERE energy is expended

57
Q

The type of active transport where ATP is used to directly move solutes - pumps and ATPases usually

A

Primary active transport

58
Q

The type of active transport where the gradient set up by primary transport is used to move solutes.

A

Secondary active transport

59
Q

The type of active transport that uses cargo brought in by secondary to bring in another solute

A

Tertiary active transport

60
Q

What is the ionic movement with primary active transport?

A
  • 3 Na in

- 1 Ca out

61
Q

EXAMPLE:

Digitalis (glycoside) is a Na/K ATPase inhibitor. It increases the strength of cardiac contractions. How?

A
  • Need Ca for muscle contraction. To make heart beat harder, you’d need more Ca.
  • Less of Na concentration gradient coming into cell, so there is holding onto more Ca inside cell, helping muscles contract more.
62
Q

If a form of transport utilized a carrier protein that binds to the substrate, it can become saturated. (T/F)

A

True

63
Q

When does saturation occur?

A

When the concentration of a solute is greater than the number of available transporters can handle
(“Once you reach this point, no matter how much more solute [ex: Glucosuria in Diabetes] you add, it will not increase anymore)

64
Q

Maximal rate of transport movement is what?

A

Transport maximum (Tm)

65
Q

Do transport proteins have specificity?

***IMPORTANT!

A

Yes; they have stereospecificity

66
Q

Which type of glucose is bound and transported?

A

D-glucose

Bound & Transported = The D!!!!

67
Q

Which type of glucose is not bound or transported?

A

L-glucose

68
Q

Transporters recognize closely related molecules. What do these do?

A

Compete for binding sites and can affect Tm (transport maximum)

69
Q

How does Farxiga affect the binding site?

A

Farxiga blocks SGLT1 by occupying the binding site, causing the transporter to reach Tm at a lower actual concentration

(It will artificially lower blood glucose levels, which can cause UTI’s because you’re excreting blood glucose)

70
Q

QUESTION:
Predict how the movement rate of sodium through a channel would change if the concentration gradient of sodium was increased 100%.

A

Rate would be doubled

*Remember, this is a channel!

71
Q

QUESTION:

Predict how the movement rate of glucose would change if the concentration gradient of glucose was increased 100%.

A

Insufficient Data; It depends. He will never ask a question like this.

72
Q

QUESTION:
Which of the following could exhibit a transport maximum?
A) movement of sodium through Nav (voltage-gated Na channel)
B) movement of oxygen into the blood
C) movement of potassium via Na-K ATPase
D) movement of CO2 out of tissues

A

C) movement of potassium via Na-K ATPase

73
Q

Process where water can freely pass through MOST cell membranes - channels called aquaporins

A

Osmosis

74
Q

What happens for osmosis to occur?

A
  • Difference in concentration of solutes that cannot pass generates a pressure difference
  • Pressure difference pushes water from area of low solute concentration to area of high concentration
  • Positive correlation with temperature
  • THIS IS NOT DIFFUSION OF WATER…but This is basically diffusion
75
Q

Pressure that stops movement during osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

76
Q

gC = ?

A

Osmolarity (mOsm/L)
g = number of particles per molecule
C = concentration (mmol/L, mM)

77
Q

How do you measure osmolality?

A

Per Kg of water instead of per L like in osmolarity
1 L water = 1 Kg water
Basically the same number

78
Q

(gCoRT)/(pi) = ?

A

Osmotic pressure
R = gas constant
T = temp in Kelvin
o = reflection coefficient of membrane

**the more restrictive an enzyme gets, the higher the pressure gets

79
Q

Comparison of two fluids separated by a semi-permeable membrane, with respect to the bathing solution

**IMP!!

A

Tonicity

80
Q

Type of tonicity where the inside of the cell has more dissolved solutes; water rushes in, cell bursts

A

Hypotonic (hyposmotic)

81
Q

Type of tonicity where dissolved solutes are equal; no net water movement

A

Isotonic (Isomotic)

82
Q

Type of tonicity where there is less solute inside; water rushes out, and the cells shrivel

A

Hypertonic (Hyperosmotic)

83
Q

Pressure difference between water and blood

A

7 atm of pressure

84
Q

QUESTION:
68 yr old woman comes down with heat stroke and rains; they administer cold saline via IV and transport her to hospital while applying cold compresses to her head and neck;
Q: What did she lose in her sweat?

A

Lots of water and some NaCl (sodium/salt)

-more water than NaCl

85
Q

QUESTION:
68 yr old woman comes down with heat stroke and rains; they administer cold saline via IV and transport her to hospital while applying cold compresses to her head and neck;
Q: How did sweating effect the Osm of ECF and ICF?

A

ICF Osm went up, ECF Osm went up

-less water in blood to dissolve stuff that was there, so Osm in ISF goes up too because it tries to help out the ICF

86
Q

QUESTION:
68 yr old woman comes down with heat stroke and rains; they administer cold saline via IV and transport her to hospital while applying cold compresses to her head and neck;
Q: Why did they give her I.V. cold saline instead of I.V. cold water?

A

They didn’t want to lose her RBC’S

87
Q

1) What are the Darrow-Yannett diagrams used for?
2) What’s on the X axis? On the Y axis?
3) What’s it split into?

A

1)Used to visualize how osmolality and volume changes
2)X axis = volume
Y axis = osmolality (concentration)
3) Split into ECF and ICF

88
Q

Where do all fluid changes that occur in the body originate?

A

In ECF and may or may not affect ICF

KYCO 2020 1st Year, Block 5 (5 decks)

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